Association between legalization of recreational cannabis and fatal motor vehicle collisions in the United States: an ecologic study

Abstract

Background: With the recent legalization of recreational cannabis in Canada, cannabis-impaired driving is an important public safety concern. Our aim was to examine the association between recreational cannabis legalization and fatal motor vehicle collisions using data from the United States, which present a timely natural experiment of cannabis legalization.

Methods: We conducted an ecologic study using the number of fatal motor vehicle collisions and the associated number of deaths for US jurisdictions with legalized recreational cannabis (2007-2018) retrieved from the US Fatality Analysis Reporting System. We examined jurisdiction-specific rates of fatal motor vehicle collisions and associated deaths before and after recreational cannabis legalization using Poisson regression and meta-analyzed estimates across jurisdictions using DerSimonian and Laird random-effects models.

Results: After adjustment for calendar year, legalization was associated with increases in rates of fatal motor vehicle collisions (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.26) and associated deaths (IRR 1.16, 95% CI 1.06-1.27). Differences between the first 12 months after legalization relative to subsequent months were inconclusive for rates of fatal motor vehicle collisions (IRR 0.92, 95% CI 0.84-1.02) and associated deaths (IRR 0.92, 95% CI 0.84-1.01).

Interpretation: Recreational cannabis legalization in the US was associated with a relative increased risk of fatal motor vehicle collisions of 15% and a relative increase in associated deaths of 16%, with no conclusive difference between the first and subsequent years after legalization. These findings raise concern that there could be a similar increase in fatal motor vehicle collisions and associated deaths in Canada following recreational cannabis legalization.

Figure 1:

Forest plot of fatal motor vehicle collisions (A) and associated deaths (B) from 2007 to 2018 in United States jurisdictions with legalized recreational cannabis. *Adjusted for calendar year, modelled as a continuous variable. Note: CI = confidence interval, IRR = incidence rate ratio.

Figure 2:

Forest plot of fatal motor vehicle collisions (A) and associated deaths (B) from 2007 to 2018 in United States jurisdictions with open recreational cannabis dispensaries. *Adjusted for calendar year, modelled as a continuous variable. Note: CI = confidence interval, IRR = incidence rate ratio.