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. 2021 May 1:286:220-227.
doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.078. Epub 2021 Mar 5.

Association of Symptoms of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity with Problematic Internet Use among University Students in Wuhan, China During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Yimiao Zhao  1 , Zhendong Jiang  2 , Suihuai Guo  2 , Ping Wu  3 , Qingdong Lu  1 , Yingying Xu  1 , Lin Liu  1 , Sizhen Su  4 , Le Shi  4 , Jianyu Que  4 , Yan Sun  3 , Yankun Sun  4 , Jiahui Deng  4 , Shiqiu Meng  3 , Wei Yan  4 , Kai Yuan  4 , Siwei Sun  4 , Li Yang  4 , Maosheng Ran  5 , Thomas R Kosten  6 , John Strang  7 , Yu Lu  2 , Guofu Huang  2 , Lin Lu  8 , Yanping Bao  9 , Jie Shi  10
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Association of Symptoms of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity with Problematic Internet Use among University Students in Wuhan, China During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Yimiao Zhao et al. J Affect Disord. .

Abstract

Background: COVID-19 is still spreading worldwide and posing a threat to individuals' physical and mental health including problematic internet use (PIU). A potentially high-risk group for PIU are those with symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity (ADHD symptoms), because of restrictions in their physical activity levels and engagement in computer diversions requiring only short attention spans.

Methods: We used convenience sampling in a cross-sectional survey of university students from 30 universities in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. We assessed PIU using the Internet Addiction Test and ADHD symptoms using the WHO Adult ADHD Self-Report Screening Scale. Using logistic regression and linear regression analyses we adjusted for demographic, epidemic-related and psychological covariates in models of the association between ADHD symptoms and PIU.

Results: Among 11,254 participants, we found a 28.4% (95% CI, 27.5%-29.2%) prevalence of PIU, relatively higher than before the pandemic. In our final logistic regression model, participants with ADHD symptoms had approximately two times the risk for PIU (OR: 2.31, 95% CI: 1.89-2.83). Similarly, individuals with depression, anxiety, insomnia, PTSD symptoms and feeling stress during the pandemic had a higher risk of PIU, while those exercising regularly during the pandemic had a lower risk.

Limitations: The cross-sectional design and reliance on internet based self-reports for ADHD symptoms and PIU assessments, without direct structured interviews for validation, are limitations.

Conclusions: The prevalence of PIU was high during COVID-19, and those people with ADHD symptoms and other mental illness symptoms appear to be at higher risk of PIU. Regular exercise may reduce that PIU risk and hence should be recommended during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Keywords: COVID-19; Problematic internet use; Symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity; University students.

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Conflict of interest statement

John Strang is an NIHR Senior Investigator and is supported by the U.K. National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, U.K.

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