Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2021 Feb 23:2021:3123476.
doi: 10.1155/2021/3123476. eCollection 2021.

Anti- Enterococcus Faecalis, Cytotoxicity, Phytotoxicity, and Anticancer Studies on Clausena excavata Burum. f. (Rutaceae) Leaves

Shaymaa Fadhel Abbas Albaayit  1 , Rukesh Maharjan  2 , Rasedee Abdullah  3 , Mohd Hezmee Mohd Noor  4
Affiliations

Anti- Enterococcus Faecalis, Cytotoxicity, Phytotoxicity, and Anticancer Studies on Clausena excavata Burum. f. (Rutaceae) Leaves

Shaymaa Fadhel Abbas Albaayit et al. Biomed Res Int. .

Abstract

Background: Clausena excavata Burum. f. has long been applied in ethnomedicine for the treatment of various disorders like rhinitis, headache, cough, wound healing, fever, and detoxification. This study is aimed at investigating the antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 49532 using AlamarBlue assay and atomic force microscopy (AFM) as well as the cytotoxicity, anticancer, and phytotoxicity of C. excavata.

Method: Bacterial cell viability was performed by using microplate AlamarBlue assay. Atomic force microscopy was used to determine morphological changes in the surface of bacterial cells. Cytotoxicity and phytotoxicity were determined by brine shrimp lethality and Lemna minor bioassay. Caco-2 (colorectal adenocarcinoma) cell line was used for the evaluation of the anticancer effects.

Result: Among the fractions tested, ethyl acetate (EA) fraction was found to be active with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 750 μg/mL against E. faecalis, but other fractions were found to be insensitive to bacterial growth. Microscopically, the EA fraction-treated bacteria showed highly damaged cells with their cytoplasmic content scattered all over. The LC50 value of the EA fraction against brine shrimp was more than 1000 μg/mL showing the nontoxic nature of this fraction. Chloroform (CH), EA, and methanol (MOH) fractions of C. excavata were highly herbicidal at the concentration of 1000 μg/mL. EA inhibited Caco-2 cell line with an IC50 of 20 μg/mL.

Conclusions: This study is the first to reveal anti-E. faecalis property of EA fraction of C. excavata leaves, natural herbicidal, and anticancer agents thus highlight the potential compound present in its leaf which needs to be isolated and tested against multidrug-resistant E. faecalis.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Atomic force microscopy images of E. faecalis (ATCC 49532): (a) untreated control and (b) ethyl acetate- (EA-) treated cells at 750 μg/mL. Different colors are according to the height of the image. Pink color shows the highest height, and color changes to red, orange, yellow, green, and blue with decreasing height.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality bioassay of different fractions of C. excavata leaves. EA at 1000 μg/mL showed significant (P < 0.05) difference as compared to other fractions.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Haddadin A., Fappiano S., Lipsett P. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the intensive care unit. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2002;78(921):385–392. doi: 10.1136/pmj.78.921.385. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ibraheem H. T., Al-Mathkhury H. J. F. pvl-carried methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from hospitalized patients in Baghdad, Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Science. 2018;59:1967–1972. doi: 10.24996/ijs.2018.59.4b.1. - DOI
    1. Mudzengi C. P., Murwira A., Tivapasi M., Murungweni C., Burumu J. V., Halimani T. Antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of selected species used in livestock health management. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2017;55(1):1054–1060. doi: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1287744. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Al-Ani L. K., Yonus M. I., Mahdii B. A., et al. First record of use Fusarium proliferatum fungi in direct treatment to control the adult of wheat flour Tribolium confusum, as well as, use the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana. Ecology, Environment and Conservation. 2018;24(3):29–34.
    1. Al-Bahrani R. M., Radif H. M., Albaayit S. F. A. Evaluation of potent silver nanoparticles production from Agaricus bisporus against Helicobacter pylori. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2020;57(4):1197–1201.

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources