Effects of Exercise during Weight Loss Maintenance on Appetite Regulation in Women

Abstract

Exercise is accepted as a method to improve weight loss maintenance; however, the mechanisms by which this occurs have yet to be elucidated. In this pilot study, 13 women with obesity underwent a structured weight loss program (goal 8%-10% weight loss) and were then randomized to either a 12-wk diet (n = 7) or an aerobic exercise training (n = 6) intervention aimed at maintaining weight loss. At baseline, post-weight loss, and following the weight loss maintenance interventions, measurements of appetite (hunger and satiety) and appetite-regulating hormones (leptin, ghrelin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine, and glucagon-like peptide 1) were obtained after an overnight fast and for 3 h after a standardized test meal. Ad libitum energy intake was measured at a lunch meal. During the weight loss phase, participants lost 9.1% ± 1.1% of baseline body weight. Participants in both groups maintained weight loss during the 12-wk weight loss maintenance intervention. No differences in fasting leptin (P = 0.68) or in ghrelin (P = 0.30), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (P = 0.93), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (P = 0.98) area under the curve were detected between groups. Similarly, ratings of hunger (P = 0.99) and satiety (P = 0.65) area under the curve after the standardized test meal also did not differ between the groups nor did ad libitum energy intake at lunch. In summary, the 12-wk diet and exercise interventions were equally effective at maintaining weight loss in women, and no differences in measures of appetite regulation and food intake were found.

Figure 1:

Study design.

Figure 2:

Consort diagram.

Figure 3:

Individual body weights at each study phase. Body weight at baseline, post–weight loss, and post-WLM for women randomized to WLM-D or WLM-Ex interventions.

Figure 4:

Appetite ratings and appetite-related hormones in response to a standardized breakfast meal. Subjective hunger (A) and fullness (B), and ghrelin (C), PYY (D), and GLP-1 (E) after an overnight fast and for 3 h after a standardized breakfast meal after WLM interventions for women randomized to WLM-D or WLM-Ex groups.