Multiple Routes to Control in the Prime-Target Task: Congruence Sequence Effects Emerge Due to Modulation of Irrelevant Prime Activity and Utilization of Temporal Order Information

Abstract

In interference tasks, the magnitude of the congruency effect is reduced in trials that follow an incongruent trial. This congruence sequence effect (CSE) reflects cognitive control processes, yet accounts disagree when and how control is exerted. Here, we address these questions in the context of the prime-target task. In this task, control can either modulate early prime or late target information. Furthermore, control can utilize information specific to the stimulus (perceptual features) or relational information between stimuli (temporal order). Two experiments (N = 41 | N = 62) were conducted using a prime-target task with arrows (prime) and letters (target). We presented either the prime before the target or the target before the prime. For both trial-type transitions, the CSE was assessed. Regarding the first question, when is control exerted, results showed a larger CSE for prime→target relative to target→prime trials. This suggests that control in the prime-target task modulates prime activity. Regarding the second question, how is control exerted, a combined analysis of both experiments showed a larger CSE for repetition of the same prime and target order across two trials (e.g., previous trial: prime→target; current trial: prime→target) compared to changes (e.g., previous trial: prime→target; current trial: target→prime), suggesting that control in the prime-target task can employ temporal selection.

Keywords: Conflict adaptation; Gratton-effect; cognitive control; congruence sequence effect (CSE); prime-target task.

Figure 1

CSEs from Exp. 1a (left panel) and Exp. 1b (right panel) for target→prime (in red) and prime→target trials (in grey) separately for previous and current trials on the x-axis. Error bars indicate the 95% within confidence interval.

Figure 2

CSEs from Exp. 1a (left panel), Exp. 1b (middle panel) and combined data (right panel) as a function of stimulus order transition (repetition [in red] vs. change [in grey] of stimulus order across trials) on the x-axis. Error bars indicate the 95% within confidence interval.