Nonmonotonic Energy Dependence of Net-Proton Number Fluctuations

doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.092301

. 2021 Mar 5;126(9):092301.

doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.092301.

Nonmonotonic Energy Dependence of Net-Proton Number Fluctuations

J Adam¹, L Adamczyk², J R Adams³, J K Adkins⁴, G Agakishiev⁵, M M Aggarwal⁶, Z Ahammed⁷, I Alekseev^{8

9}, D M Anderson¹⁰, A Aparin⁵, E C Aschenauer¹, M U Ashraf¹¹, F G Atetalla¹², A Attri⁶, G S Averichev⁵, V Bairathi¹³, K Barish¹⁴, A Behera¹⁵, R Bellwied¹⁶, A Bhasin¹⁷, J Bielcik¹⁸, J Bielcikova¹⁹, L C Bland¹, I G Bordyuzhin⁸, J D Brandenburg¹, A V Brandin⁹, J Butterworth²⁰, H Caines²¹, M Calderón de la Barca Sánchez²², D Cebra²², I Chakaberia^{1

12}, P Chaloupka¹⁸, B K Chan²³, F-H Chang²⁴, Z Chang¹, N Chankova-Bunzarova⁵, A Chatterjee¹¹, D Chen¹⁴, J Chen²⁵, J H Chen²⁶, X Chen²⁷, Z Chen²⁵, J Cheng²⁸, M Cherney²⁹, M Chevalier¹⁴, S Choudhury²⁶, W Christie¹, X Chu¹, H J Crawford³⁰, M Csanád³¹, M Daugherity³², T G Dedovich⁵, I M Deppner³³, A A Derevschikov³⁴, L Didenko¹, X Dong³⁵, J L Drachenberg³², J C Dunlop¹, T Edmonds³⁶, N Elsey³⁷, J Engelage³⁰, G Eppley²⁰, S Esumi³⁸, O Evdokimov³⁹, A Ewigleben⁴⁰, O Eyser¹, R Fatemi⁴, S Fazio¹, P Federic¹⁹, J Fedorisin⁵, C J Feng²⁴, Y Feng³⁶, P Filip⁵, E Finch⁴¹, Y Fisyak¹, A Francisco²¹, L Fulek², C A Gagliardi¹⁰, T Galatyuk⁴², F Geurts²⁰, A Gibson⁴³, K Gopal⁴⁴, X Gou²⁵, D Grosnick⁴³, W Guryn¹, A I Hamad¹², A Hamed⁴⁵, S Harabasz⁴², J W Harris²¹, S He¹¹, W He²⁶, X H He⁴⁶, Y He²⁵, S Heppelmann²², S Heppelmann⁴⁷, N Herrmann³³, E Hoffman¹⁶, L Holub¹⁸, Y Hong³⁵, S Horvat²¹, Y Hu²⁶, H Z Huang²³, S L Huang¹⁵, T Huang²⁴, X Huang²⁸, T J Humanic³, P Huo¹⁵, G Igo²³, D Isenhower³², W W Jacobs⁴⁸, C Jena⁴⁴, A Jentsch¹, Y Ji²⁷, J Jia^{1

15}, K Jiang²⁷, S Jowzaee³⁷, X Ju²⁷, E G Judd³⁰, S Kabana¹³, M L Kabir¹⁴, S Kagamaster⁴⁰, D Kalinkin⁴⁸, K Kang²⁸, D Kapukchyan¹⁴, K Kauder¹, H W Ke¹, D Keane¹², A Kechechyan⁵, M Kelsey³⁵, Y V Khyzhniak⁹, D P Kikoła⁴⁹, C Kim¹⁴, B Kimelman²², D Kincses³¹, T A Kinghorn²², I Kisel⁵⁰, A Kiselev¹, M Kocan¹⁸, L Kochenda⁹, L K Kosarzewski¹⁸, L Kramarik¹⁸, P Kravtsov⁹, K Krueger⁵¹, N Kulathunga Mudiyanselage¹⁶, L Kumar⁶, S Kumar⁴⁶, R Kunnawalkam Elayavalli³⁷, J H Kwasizur⁴⁸, R Lacey¹⁵, S Lan¹¹, J M Landgraf¹, J Lauret¹, A Lebedev¹, R Lednicky⁵, J H Lee¹, Y H Leung³⁵, C Li²⁵, C Li²⁷, W Li²⁰, W Li⁵², X Li²⁷, Y Li²⁸, Y Liang¹², R Licenik¹⁹, T Lin¹⁰, Y Lin¹¹, M A Lisa³, F Liu¹¹, H Liu⁴⁸, P Liu¹⁵, P Liu⁵², T Liu²¹, X Liu³, Y Liu¹⁰, Z Liu²⁷, T Ljubicic¹, W J Llope³⁷, R S Longacre¹, N S Lukow⁵³, S Luo³⁹, X Luo¹¹, G L Ma⁵², L Ma²⁶, R Ma¹, Y G Ma⁵², N Magdy³⁹, R Majka²¹, D Mallick⁵⁴, S Margetis¹², C Markert⁵⁵, H S Matis³⁵, J A Mazer⁵⁶, N G Minaev³⁴, S Mioduszewski¹⁰, B Mohanty⁵⁴, I Mooney³⁷, Z Moravcova¹⁸, D A Morozov³⁴, M Nagy³¹, J D Nam⁵³, Md Nasim⁵⁷, K Nayak¹¹, D Neff²³, J M Nelson³⁰, D B Nemes²¹, M Nie²⁵, G Nigmatkulov⁹, T Niida³⁸, L V Nogach³⁴, T Nonaka³⁸, A S Nunes¹, G Odyniec³⁵, A Ogawa¹, S Oh³⁵, V A Okorokov⁹, B S Page¹, R Pak¹, A Pandav⁵⁴, Y Panebratsev⁵, B Pawlik⁵⁸, D Pawlowska⁴⁹, H Pei¹¹, C Perkins³⁰, L Pinsky¹⁶, R L Pintér³¹, J Pluta⁴⁹, J Porter³⁵, M Posik⁵³, N K Pruthi⁶, M Przybycien², J Putschke³⁷, H Qiu⁴⁶, A Quintero⁵³, S K Radhakrishnan¹², S Ramachandran⁴, R L Ray⁵⁵, R Reed⁴⁰, H G Ritter³⁵, O V Rogachevskiy⁵, J L Romero²², L Ruan¹, J Rusnak¹⁹, N R Sahoo²⁵, H Sako³⁸, S Salur⁵⁶, J Sandweiss²¹, S Sato³⁸, W B Schmidke¹, N Schmitz⁵⁹, B R Schweid¹⁵, F Seck⁴², J Seger²⁹, M Sergeeva²³, R Seto¹⁴, P Seyboth⁵⁹, N Shah⁶⁰, E Shahaliev⁵, P V Shanmuganathan¹, M Shao²⁷, A I Sheikh¹², W Q Shen⁵², S S Shi¹¹, Y Shi²⁵, Q Y Shou⁵², E P Sichtermann³⁵, R Sikora², M Simko¹⁹, J Singh⁶, S Singha⁴⁶, N Smirnov²¹, W Solyst⁴⁸, P Sorensen¹, H M Spinka⁵¹, B Srivastava³⁶, T D S Stanislaus⁴³, M Stefaniak⁴⁹, D J Stewart²¹, M Strikhanov⁹, B Stringfellow³⁶, A A P Suaide⁶¹, M Sumbera¹⁹, B Summa⁴⁷, X M Sun¹¹, X Sun³⁹, Y Sun²⁷, Y Sun⁶², B Surrow⁵³, D N Svirida⁸, P Szymanski⁴⁹, A H Tang¹, Z Tang²⁷, A Taranenko⁹, T Tarnowsky⁶³, J H Thomas³⁵, A R Timmins¹⁶, D Tlusty²⁹, M Tokarev⁵, C A Tomkiel⁴⁰, S Trentalange²³, R E Tribble¹⁰, P Tribedy¹, S K Tripathy³¹, O D Tsai²³, Z Tu¹, T Ullrich¹, D G Underwood⁵¹, I Upsal^{1

25}, G Van Buren¹, J Vanek¹⁹, A N Vasiliev³⁴, I Vassiliev⁵⁰, F Videbæk¹, S Vokal⁵, S A Voloshin³⁷, F Wang³⁶, G Wang²³, J S Wang⁶², P Wang²⁷, Y Wang¹¹, Y Wang²⁸, Z Wang²⁵, J C Webb¹, P C Weidenkaff³³, L Wen²³, G D Westfall⁶³, H Wieman³⁵, S W Wissink⁴⁸, R Witt⁶⁴, Y Wu¹⁴, Z G Xiao²⁸, G Xie³⁵, W Xie³⁶, H Xu⁶², N Xu³⁵, Q H Xu²⁵, Y F Xu⁵², Y Xu²⁵, Z Xu¹, Z Xu²³, C Yang²⁵, Q Yang²⁵, S Yang¹, Y Yang²⁴, Z Yang¹¹, Z Ye²⁰, Z Ye³⁹, L Yi²⁵, K Yip¹, Y Yu²⁵, H Zbroszczyk⁴⁹, W Zha²⁷, C Zhang¹⁵, D Zhang¹¹, S Zhang²⁷, S Zhang⁵², X P Zhang²⁸, Y Zhang²⁷, Y Zhang¹¹, Z J Zhang²⁴, Z Zhang¹, Z Zhang³⁹, J Zhao³⁶, C Zhong⁵², C Zhou⁵², X Zhu²⁸, Z Zhu²⁵, M Zurek³⁵, M Zyzak⁵⁰; STAR Collaboration

Affiliations

¹ Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
² AGH University of Science and Technology, FPACS, Cracow 30-059, Poland.
³ Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
⁴ University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA.
⁵ Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141 980, Russia.
⁶ Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
⁷ Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata 700064, India.
⁸ Alikhanov Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics NRC "Kurchatov Institute," Moscow 117218, Russia.
⁹ National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409, Russia.
¹⁰ Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
¹¹ Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.
¹² Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA.
¹³ Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile.
¹⁴ University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
¹⁵ State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
¹⁶ University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA.
¹⁷ University of Jammu, Jammu 180001, India.
¹⁸ Czech Technical University in Prague, FNSPE, Prague 115 19, Czech Republic.
¹⁹ Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Rez 250 68, Czech Republic.
²⁰ Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, USA.
²¹ Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
²² University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
²³ University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
²⁴ National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
²⁵ Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
²⁶ Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
²⁷ University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
²⁸ Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
²⁹ Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA.
³⁰ University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
³¹ ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.
³² Abilene Christian University, Abilene, Texas 79699, USA.
³³ University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
³⁴ NRC "Kurchatov Institute", Institute of High Energy Physics, Protvino 142281, Russia.
³⁵ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
³⁶ Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
³⁷ Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
³⁸ University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
³⁹ University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA.
⁴⁰ Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA.
⁴¹ Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, Connecticut 06515, USA.
⁴² Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64289, Germany.
⁴³ Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383, USA.
⁴⁴ Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India.
⁴⁵ American University of Cairo, New Cairo 11835, New Cairo, Egypt.
⁴⁶ Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
⁴⁷ Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
⁴⁸ Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, USA.
⁴⁹ Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw 00-661, Poland.
⁵⁰ Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies FIAS, Frankfurt 60438, Germany.
⁵¹ Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.
⁵² Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
⁵³ Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA.
⁵⁴ National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Jatni 752050, India.
⁵⁵ University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
⁵⁶ Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
⁵⁷ Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Berhampur 760010, India.
⁵⁸ Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Cracow 31-342, Poland.
⁵⁹ Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Munich 80805, Germany.
⁶⁰ Indian Institute of Technology, Patna, Bihar 801106, India.
⁶¹ Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05314-970, Brazil.
⁶² Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China.
⁶³ Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
⁶⁴ United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, USA.

PMID: 33750161
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.092301

Free article

Nonmonotonic Energy Dependence of Net-Proton Number Fluctuations

J Adam et al. Phys Rev Lett. 2021.

Free article

. 2021 Mar 5;126(9):092301.

doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.092301.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
² AGH University of Science and Technology, FPACS, Cracow 30-059, Poland.
³ Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
⁴ University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA.
⁵ Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141 980, Russia.
⁶ Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
⁷ Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata 700064, India.
⁸ Alikhanov Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics NRC "Kurchatov Institute," Moscow 117218, Russia.
⁹ National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409, Russia.
¹⁰ Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
¹¹ Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.
¹² Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA.
¹³ Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile.
¹⁴ University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
¹⁵ State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
¹⁶ University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA.
¹⁷ University of Jammu, Jammu 180001, India.
¹⁸ Czech Technical University in Prague, FNSPE, Prague 115 19, Czech Republic.
¹⁹ Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Rez 250 68, Czech Republic.
²⁰ Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, USA.
²¹ Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
²² University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
²³ University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
²⁴ National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
²⁵ Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
²⁶ Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
²⁷ University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
²⁸ Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
²⁹ Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA.
³⁰ University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
³¹ ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.
³² Abilene Christian University, Abilene, Texas 79699, USA.
³³ University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
³⁴ NRC "Kurchatov Institute", Institute of High Energy Physics, Protvino 142281, Russia.
³⁵ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
³⁶ Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
³⁷ Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
³⁸ University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
³⁹ University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA.
⁴⁰ Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA.
⁴¹ Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, Connecticut 06515, USA.
⁴² Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64289, Germany.
⁴³ Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383, USA.
⁴⁴ Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India.
⁴⁵ American University of Cairo, New Cairo 11835, New Cairo, Egypt.
⁴⁶ Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
⁴⁷ Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
⁴⁸ Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, USA.
⁴⁹ Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw 00-661, Poland.
⁵⁰ Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies FIAS, Frankfurt 60438, Germany.
⁵¹ Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.
⁵² Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
⁵³ Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA.
⁵⁴ National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Jatni 752050, India.
⁵⁵ University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
⁵⁶ Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
⁵⁷ Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Berhampur 760010, India.
⁵⁸ Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Cracow 31-342, Poland.
⁵⁹ Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Munich 80805, Germany.
⁶⁰ Indian Institute of Technology, Patna, Bihar 801106, India.
⁶¹ Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05314-970, Brazil.
⁶² Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China.
⁶³ Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
⁶⁴ United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, USA.

PMID: 33750161
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.092301

Erratum in

Erratum: Nonmonotonic Energy Dependence of Net-Proton Number Fluctuations [Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 092301 (2021)].
Adam J, Adamczyk L, Adams JR, Adkins JK, Agakishiev G, Aggarwal MM, Ahammed Z, Alekseev I, Anderson DM, Aparin A, Aschenauer EC, Ashraf MU, Atetalla FG, Attri A, Averichev GS, Bairathi V, Barish K, Behera A, Bellwied R, Bhasin A, Bielcik J, Bielcikova J, Bland LC, Bordyuzhin IG, Brandenburg JD, Brandin AV, Butterworth J, Caines H, Calderón de la Barca Sánchez M, Cebra D, Chakaberia I, Chaloupka P, Chan BK, Chang FH, Chang Z, Chankova-Bunzarova N, Chatterjee A, Chen D, Chen J, Chen JH, Chen X, Chen Z, Cheng J, Cherney M, Chevalier M, Choudhury S, Christie W, Chu X, Crawford HJ, Csanád M, Daugherity M, Dedovich TG, Deppner IM, Derevschikov AA, Didenko L, Dong X, Drachenberg JL, Dunlop JC, Edmonds T, Elsey N, Engelage J, Eppley G, Esumi S, Evdokimov O, Ewigleben A, Eyser O, Fatemi R, Fazio S, Federic P, Fedorisin J, Feng CJ, Feng Y, Filip P, Finch E, Fisyak Y, Francisco A, Fulek L, Gagliardi CA, Galatyuk T, Geurts F, Gibson A, Gopal K, Gou X, Grosnick D, Guryn W, Hamad AI, Hamed A, Harabasz S, Harris JW, He S, He W, He XH, He Y, Heppelmann S, Heppelmann S, Herrmann N, Hoffman E, Holub L, Hong Y, Horvat S, Hu Y, Huang HZ, Huang SL, Huang T, Huang X, Humanic TJ, Huo P, Igo G, Isenhower… See abstract for full author list ➔ Adam J, et al. Phys Rev Lett. 2025 Apr 4;134(13):139902. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.139902. Phys Rev Lett. 2025. PMID: 40250401

Abstract

Nonmonotonic variation with collision energy (sqrt[s_{NN}]) of the moments of the net-baryon number distribution in heavy-ion collisions, related to the correlation length and the susceptibilities of the system, is suggested as a signature for the quantum chromodynamics critical point. We report the first evidence of a nonmonotonic variation in the kurtosis times variance of the net-proton number (proxy for net-baryon number) distribution as a function of sqrt[s_{NN}] with 3.1 σ significance for head-on (central) gold-on-gold (Au+Au) collisions measured solenoidal tracker at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. Data in noncentral Au+Au collisions and models of heavy-ion collisions without a critical point show a monotonic variation as a function of sqrt[s_{NN}].

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Heavy-Ion Collisions toward High-Density Nuclear Matter.
Nagamiya S. Nagamiya S. Entropy (Basel). 2022 Mar 30;24(4):482. doi: 10.3390/e24040482. Entropy (Basel). 2022. PMID: 35455146 Free PMC article. Review.

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Nonmonotonic Energy Dependence of Net-Proton Number Fluctuations

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Nonmonotonic Energy Dependence of Net-Proton Number Fluctuations

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