Classical CD4 T cells as the cornerstone of antimycobacterial immunity

Abstract

Tuberculosis is a significant health problem without an effective vaccine to combat it. A thorough understanding of the immune response and correlates of protection is needed to develop a more efficient vaccine. The immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is complex and involves all aspects of the immune system, however, the optimal protective, non-pathogenic T cell response against Mtb is still elusive. This review will focus on discussing CD4 T cell immunity against mycobacteria and its importance in Mtb infection with a primary focus on human studies. We will in particular discuss the large heterogeneity of immune cell subsets that have been revealed by recent immunological investigations at an unprecedented level of detail. These studies have identified specific classical CD4 T cell subsets important for immune responses against Mtb in various states of infection. We further discuss the functional attributes that have been linked to the various subsets such as upregulation of activation markers and cytokine production. Another important topic to be considered is the antigenic targets of Mtb-specific immune responses, and how antigen reactivity is influenced by both disease state and environmental exposure(s). These are key points for both vaccines and immune diagnostics development. Ultimately, these factors are holistically considered in the definition and investigations of what are the correlates on protection and resolution of disease.

Keywords: CD4 T cells; Mtb-specific T cells; TB; mycobacteria.

FIGURE 1

Summary of characteristics of Mtb‐specific classical CD4 T cells for differentiation of disease stages and potential correlates of protection. Mtb‐specific classical CD4 T cells express different characteristics depending on the disease stage of the individual. There is a higher frequency of Tcm, Th1* and CD153 in LTBI. ATB has higher frequency of Tem and Tscm, HLA‐DR expression and increased differentiation. Th1* and CD153 are important for control of Mtb infection. Other cytokines and chemokines include: IL‐2, IL‐10, IL‐17, TNFα, and CXCL9/10/11/12/13