Ways to minimize bacterial infections, with special reference to Escherichia coli, to cope with the first-week mortality in chicks: an updated overview

Abstract

On the commercial level, the poultry industry strives to find new techniques to combat bird's infection. During the first week, mortality rate increases in birds because of several bacterial infections of about ten bacterial species, especially colisepticemia. This affects the flock production, uniformity, and suitability for slaughter because of chronic infections. Escherichia coli (E. coli) causes various disease syndromes in poultry, including yolk sac infection (omphalitis), respiratory tract infection, and septicemia. The E. coli infections in the neonatal poultry are being characterized by septicemia. The acute septicemia may cause death, while the subacute form could be characterized through pericarditis, airsacculitis, and perihepatitis. Many E. coli isolates are commonly isolated from commercial broiler chickens as serogroups O₁, O₂, and O₇₈. Although prophylactic antibiotics were used to control mortality associated with bacterial infections of neonatal poultry in the past, the commercial poultry industry is searching for alternatives. This is because of the consumer's demand for reduced antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Despite the vast and rapid development in vaccine technologies against common chicken infectious diseases, no antibiotic alternatives are commercially available to prevent bacterial infections of neonatal chicks. Recent research confirmed the utility of probiotics to improve the health of neonatal poultry. However, probiotics were not efficacious to minimize death and clinical signs associated with neonatal chicks' bacterial infections. This review focuses on the causes of the increased mortality in broiler chicks during the first week of age and the methods used to minimize death.

Keywords: bacterial infection; broiler; first week mortality; pathogenic Escherichia coli.

Figure 1

Prevalence and possible transmission of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (EXPEC).

Figure 2

Antigenic structure of pathogenic Escherichia coli (note: K, capsule; O, antigen and lipid A of LPS; F, fimbriae; and H, flagella).

Figure 3

Applications of bacteriophage in the poultry.

Figure 4

Inflammatory response against avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) in chicken respiratory tract. After inhalation of contaminated aerosol particles, APEC interacts with tracheal epithelial cells, where previous viral infection can facilitate APEC colonization.