Systemic pro-inflammatory response identifies patients with cancer with adverse outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 infection: the OnCovid Inflammatory Score

doi:10.1136/jitc-2020-002277

Multicenter Study

. 2021 Mar;9(3):e002277.

doi: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002277.

Systemic pro-inflammatory response identifies patients with cancer with adverse outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 infection: the OnCovid Inflammatory Score

Gino M Dettorre¹, Saoirse Dolly², Angela Loizidou³, John Chester^{4

5}, Amanda Jackson⁶, Uma Mukherjee⁷, Alberto Zambelli⁸, Juan Aguilar-Company^{9

10}, Mark Bower¹¹, Christopher C T Sng¹², Ramon Salazar¹³, Alexia Bertuzzi¹⁴, Joan Brunet¹⁵, Ricard Mesia¹⁶, Ailsa Sita-Lumsden², Elia Seguí¹⁷, Federica Biello¹⁸, Daniele Generali^{19

20}, Salvatore Grisanti²¹, Pavetha Seeva², Gianpiero Rizzo²², Michela Libertini²³, Antonio Maconi²⁴, Charlotte Moss²⁵, Beth Russell²⁵, Nadia Harbeck²⁶, Bruno Vincenzi²⁷, Rossella Bertulli²⁸, Diego Ottaviani¹², Raquel Liñan¹⁵, Andrea Marrari¹⁴, M Carmen Carmona-García¹⁵, Neha Chopra¹², Carlo Alberto Tondini⁸, Oriol Mirallas⁹, Valeria Tovazzi²¹, Vittoria Fotia⁸, Claudia Andrea Cruz¹⁷, Nadia Saoudi-Gonzalez⁹, Eudald Felip¹⁶, Ariadna Roqué¹⁵, Alvin J X Lee¹², Tom Newsom-Davis¹¹, David García-Illescas⁹, Roxana Reyes¹⁷, Yien Ning Sophia Wong¹², Daniela Ferrante²⁹, Lorenza Scotti²⁹, Javier Marco-Hernández³⁰, Isabel Ruiz-Camps¹⁰, Andrea Patriarca³¹, Lorenza Rimassa³², Lorenzo Chiudinelli⁸, Michela Franchi⁸, Armando Santoro³², Aleix Prat³³, Alessandra Gennari¹⁸, Mieke Van Hemelrijck^{2

25}, Josep Tabernero³⁴, Nikolaos Diamantis⁷, David J Pinato^{35

18}; OnCovid study group

Affiliations

¹ Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
² Medical Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (GSTT), London, UK.
³ Department of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
⁴ Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
⁵ Medical Oncology, Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, UK.
⁶ Clinical Trials, Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, UK.
⁷ Medical Oncology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
⁸ Oncology Unit, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy.
⁹ Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁰ Infectious Diseases, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.
¹¹ Department of Oncology and National Centre for HIV Malignancy, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
¹² Cancer Division, University College London Hospitals, London, UK.
¹³ Department of Medical Oncology, ICO L'Hospitalet, Oncobell Program (IDIBELL), CIBERONC, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
¹⁴ Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
¹⁵ Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, University Hospital Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain.
¹⁶ Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Badalona, Spain.
¹⁷ Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁸ Division of Oncology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale and Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy.
¹⁹ Multidisciplinary Breast Pathology and Translational Research Unit, ASST Cremona, Cremona, Italy.
²⁰ Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
²¹ Medical Oncology Unit, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.
²² Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
²³ Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy.
²⁴ Infrastruttura Ricerca Formazione Innovazione, Azienda Ospedaliera SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy.
²⁵ Translational Oncology and Urology Research (TOUR), School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
²⁶ Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Breast Center and Gynecological Cancer Center and CCC Munich, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany.
²⁷ Medical Oncology, Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.
²⁸ Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy.
²⁹ Department of Translational Medicine, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, CPO-Piemonte, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy.
³⁰ Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
³¹ Division of Haematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale and Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy.
³² Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.
³³ Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapies in Solid Tumors, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.
³⁴ Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), IOB-Quiron, UVic-UCC, Barcelona, Spain.
³⁵ Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK david.pinato@imperial.ac.uk.

PMID: 33753569
PMCID: PMC7985977
DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002277

Multicenter Study

Systemic pro-inflammatory response identifies patients with cancer with adverse outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 infection: the OnCovid Inflammatory Score

Gino M Dettorre et al. J Immunother Cancer. 2021 Mar.

. 2021 Mar;9(3):e002277.

doi: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002277.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
² Medical Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (GSTT), London, UK.
³ Department of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
⁴ Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
⁵ Medical Oncology, Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, UK.
⁶ Clinical Trials, Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, UK.
⁷ Medical Oncology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
⁸ Oncology Unit, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy.
⁹ Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁰ Infectious Diseases, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.
¹¹ Department of Oncology and National Centre for HIV Malignancy, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
¹² Cancer Division, University College London Hospitals, London, UK.
¹³ Department of Medical Oncology, ICO L'Hospitalet, Oncobell Program (IDIBELL), CIBERONC, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
¹⁴ Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
¹⁵ Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, University Hospital Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain.
¹⁶ Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Badalona, Spain.
¹⁷ Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁸ Division of Oncology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale and Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy.
¹⁹ Multidisciplinary Breast Pathology and Translational Research Unit, ASST Cremona, Cremona, Italy.
²⁰ Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
²¹ Medical Oncology Unit, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.
²² Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
²³ Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy.
²⁴ Infrastruttura Ricerca Formazione Innovazione, Azienda Ospedaliera SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy.
²⁵ Translational Oncology and Urology Research (TOUR), School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
²⁶ Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Breast Center and Gynecological Cancer Center and CCC Munich, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany.
²⁷ Medical Oncology, Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.
²⁸ Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy.
²⁹ Department of Translational Medicine, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, CPO-Piemonte, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy.
³⁰ Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
³¹ Division of Haematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale and Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy.
³² Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.
³³ Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapies in Solid Tumors, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.
³⁴ Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), IOB-Quiron, UVic-UCC, Barcelona, Spain.
³⁵ Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK david.pinato@imperial.ac.uk.

PMID: 33753569
PMCID: PMC7985977
DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002277

Erratum in

Correction: Systemic pro-inflammatory response identifies patients with cancer with adverse outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 infection: the OnCovid Inflammatory Score.
[No authors listed] [No authors listed] J Immunother Cancer. 2021 Jun;9(6):e002277corr1. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002277corr1. J Immunother Cancer. 2021. PMID: 34135105 Free PMC article. No abstract available.

Abstract

Background: Patients with cancer are particularly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The systemic inflammatory response is a pathogenic mechanism shared by cancer progression and COVID-19. We investigated systemic inflammation as a driver of severity and mortality from COVID-19, evaluating the prognostic role of commonly used inflammatory indices in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients with cancer accrued to the OnCovid study.

Methods: In a multicenter cohort of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients with cancer in Europe, we evaluated dynamic changes in neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (NLR); platelet:lymphocyte ratio (PLR); Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI), renamed the OnCovid Inflammatory Score (OIS); modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS); and Prognostic Index (PI) in relation to oncological and COVID-19 infection features, testing their prognostic potential in independent training (n=529) and validation (n=542) sets.

Results: We evaluated 1071 eligible patients, of which 625 (58.3%) were men, and 420 were patients with malignancy in advanced stage (39.2%), most commonly genitourinary (n=216, 20.2%). 844 (78.8%) had ≥1 comorbidity and 754 (70.4%) had ≥1 COVID-19 complication. NLR, OIS, and mGPS worsened at COVID-19 diagnosis compared with pre-COVID-19 measurement (p<0.01), recovering in survivors to pre-COVID-19 levels. Patients in poorer risk categories for each index except the PLR exhibited higher mortality rates (p<0.001) and shorter median overall survival in the training and validation sets (p<0.01). Multivariable analyses revealed the OIS to be most independently predictive of survival (validation set HR 2.48, 95% CI 1.47 to 4.20, p=0.001; adjusted concordance index score 0.611).

Conclusions: Systemic inflammation is a validated prognostic domain in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients with cancer and can be used as a bedside predictor of adverse outcome. Lymphocytopenia and hypoalbuminemia as computed by the OIS are independently predictive of severe COVID-19, supporting their use for risk stratification. Reversal of the COVID-19-induced proinflammatory state is a putative therapeutic strategy in patients with cancer.

Keywords: COVID-19; inflammation; inflammation mediators.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: DJP received lecture fees from ViiV Healthcare and Bayer Healthcare and travel expenses from BMS and Bayer Healthcare; consulting fees for Mina Therapeutics, EISAI, Roche, and Astra Zeneca; research funding (to institution) from MSD and BMS. AP has declared personal honoraria from Pfizer, Novartis, Roche, MSD Oncology, Eli Lilly, and Daiichi Sankyo; travel, accommodations, and expenses paid by Daiichi Sankyo; research funding from Roche and Novartis; and consulting/advisory role for NanoString Technologies, Amgen, Roche, Novartis, Pfizer and Bristol-Myers Squibb. TND has declared consulting/advisory role for Amgen, Bayer, AstraZeneca, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Otsuka, Pfizer, Roche, and Takeda; speakers fees from AstraZeneca, MSD, Roche, Takeda; and travel, accommodations and expenses paid by AstraZenca, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, MSD, Otsuka, Roche, and Takeda. JB has declared consulting/advisory role for MSD and Astra Zeneca. PPS has declared consulting/advisory role for Sanofi and Abbvie. AP has declared consulting/advisory role for Takeda and Sanofi. MP has declared consulting/advisory role for Gilead and Bayer. AG has declared consulting/advisory role for Roche, MSD, Eli Lilly, Pierre Fabre, EISAI, and Daichii Sankyo; speakers bureau for Eisai, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Roche, Teva, Gentili, Pfizer, Astra Zeneca, Celgene, and Daichii Sankyo; research funds: EISAI, Eli Lilly, and Roche. LR reports receiving consulting fees from Amgen, ArQule, AstraZeneca, Basilea, Bayer, Celgene, Eisai, Exelixis, Hengrui, Incyte, Ipsen, Lilly, MSD, Nerviano Medical Sciences, Roche, and Sanofi; lectures fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Eisai, Gilead, Incyte, Ipsen, Lilly, Roche, and Sanofi; travel fees from Ipsen; and institutional research funding from Agios, ARMO BioSciences, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Eisai, Exelixis, Fibrogen, Incyte, Ipsen, Lilly, MSD, and Roche. All remaining authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Patient disposition. mGPS, modified Glasgow Prognostic Score; NLR, neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio; OIS, OnCovid Inflammatory Score; PI, Prognostic Index; PLR, platelet:lymphocyte ratio.

**Figure 2**
Relationship between inflammatory markers and COVID-19 outcomes and marker values at timepoints. (A) Median inflammatory index values or distributions at COVID-19 diagnosis in living versus deceased patients for the NLR (n=661 alive, n=360 dead; p $§amp;lt;$ 0.0001), PLR (n=628 alive, 338 dead; p $§amp;lt;$ 0.05), OIS (n=413 alive, n=230 dead; p $§amp;lt;$ 0.0001), mGPS (n=430 alive, n=229 dead; p $§amp;lt;$ 0.0001), and PI (n=525 alive, n=295 dead; p $§amp;lt;$ 0.0001). (B) Median values and distributions across timepoints for the NLR (n=55), PLR (n=50), OIS (n=23), mGPS (n=143 pre-COVID-19, n=672 at diagnosis, n=32 post-COVID-19), and PI (n=163 pre-COVID-19, n=828 at diagnosis, n=36 post-COVID-19). *P $§amp;lt;$ 0.05, **P $§amp;lt;$ 0.01, ***P $§amp;lt;$ 0.001, ****P $§amp;lt;$ 0.0001. Error bars represent 95% CIs from the median. mGPS, modified Glasgow Prognostic Score; NLR, neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio; ns, not significant; OIS, OnCovid Inflammatory Score; PI, Prognostic Index; PLR, platelet:lymphocyte ratio.

**Figure 3**
Relationship between inflammatory markers and unadjusted mortality. Inflammatory marker values at COVID-19 diagnosis divided into good and poor risk groups plotted against unadjusted mortality rates for the (A) training set and (B) validation set. Error bars represent lower and upper limits. ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001. mGPS, modified Glasgow Prognostic Score; NLR, neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio; ns, not significant; OIS, OnCovid Inflammatory Score; PI, Prognostic Index; PLR, platelet:lymphocyte ratio.

**Figure 4**
Univariable survival analysis of inflammatory markers (training set). Kaplan-Meier estimates for univariable survival analysis are shown for the NLR (n=447, p $§amp;lt;$ 0.001), OIS (n=273, p $§amp;lt;$ 0.0001), mGPS (n=278, p $§amp;lt;$ 0.0001), and PI (n=361, p $§amp;lt;$ 0.0001) at COVID-19 diagnosis with significance calculated following log-rank methodology. ***P $§amp;lt;$ 0.001, ****P $§amp;lt;$ 0.0001. mGPS, modified Glasgow Prognostic Score; NLR, neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio; OIS, OnCovid Inflammatory Score; PI, Prognostic Index.

**Figure 5**
Univariable survival analysis of inflammatory markers (validation set). Kaplan-Meier estimates for univariable survival analysis are shown for the NLR (n=452, p $§amp;lt;$ 0.0001), OIS (n=272, p $§amp;lt;$ 0.0001), mGPS (n=291, p $§amp;lt;$ 0.001), and PI (n=384, p $§amp;lt;$ 0.01) at COVID-19 diagnosis with significance calculated following log-rank methodology. **P $§amp;lt;$ 0.01, ***P $§amp;lt;$ 0.001, ****P $§amp;lt;$ 0.0001. mGPS, modified Glasgow Prognostic Score; NLR, neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio; OIS, OnCovid Inflammatory Score; PI, Prognostic Index.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Cited by

Limited value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and serum creatinine as point-of-care biomarkers of disease severity and infection mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.
Tufa A, Gebremariam TH, Manyazewal T, Asrat Y, Getinet T, Hundie TG, Webb DL, Hellström PM, Genet S. Tufa A, et al. PLoS One. 2022 Oct 6;17(10):e0275391. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275391. eCollection 2022. PLoS One. 2022. PMID: 36201435 Free PMC article.
Time-Dependent COVID-19 Mortality in Patients With Cancer: An Updated Analysis of the OnCovid Registry.
OnCovid Study Group; Pinato DJ, Patel M, Scotti L, Colomba E, Dolly S, Loizidou A, Chester J, Mukherjee U, Zambelli A, Dalla Pria A, Aguilar-Company J, Bower M, Salazar R, Bertuzzi A, Brunet J, Lambertini M, Tagliamento M, Pous A, Sita-Lumsden A, Srikandarajah K, Colomba J, Pommeret F, Seguí E, Generali D, Grisanti S, Pedrazzoli P, Rizzo G, Libertini M, Moss C, Evans JS, Russell B, Harbeck N, Vincenzi B, Biello F, Bertulli R, Ottaviani D, Liñan R, Rossi S, Carmona-García MC, Tondini C, Fox L, Baggi A, Fotia V, Parisi A, Porzio G, Queirolo P, Cruz CA, Saoudi-Gonzalez N, Felip E, Roqué Lloveras A, Newsom-Davis T, Sharkey R, Roldán E, Reyes R, Zoratto F, Earnshaw I, Ferrante D, Marco-Hernández J, Ruiz-Camps I, Gaidano G, Patriarca A, Bruna R, Sureda A, Martinez-Vila C, Sanchez de Torre A, Berardi R, Giusti R, Mazzoni F, Guida A, Rimassa L, Chiudinelli L, Franchi M, Krengli M, Santoro A, Prat A, Tabernero J, Van Hemelrijck M, Diamantis N, Gennari A, Cortellini A. OnCovid Study Group, et al. JAMA Oncol. 2022 Jan 1;8(1):114-122. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.6199. JAMA Oncol. 2022. PMID: 34817562 Free PMC article.
Cancer management during the COVID-19 world pandemic.
Sobhani N, Mondani G, Roviello G, Catalano M, Sirico M, D'Angelo A, Scaggiante B, Generali D. Sobhani N, et al. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2023 Nov;72(11):3427-3444. doi: 10.1007/s00262-023-03524-1. Epub 2023 Aug 29. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2023. PMID: 37642709 Free PMC article. Review.
The Interrelation of Blood Urea Nitrogen-to-Albumin Ratio with Three-Month Clinical Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke Cases: A Secondary Analytical Exploration Derived from a Prospective Cohort Study.
Liu H, Tang Y, Zhou Q, Zhang J, Li X, Gu H, Hu B, Li Y. Liu H, et al. Int J Gen Med. 2024 Nov 16;17:5333-5347. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S483505. eCollection 2024. Int J Gen Med. 2024. PMID: 39574467 Free PMC article.
Assessment of Admission COVID-19 Associated Hyperinflammation Syndrome Score in Critically-Ill COVID-19 Patients.
Yildirim M, Halacli B, Yuce D, Gunegul Y, Ersoy EO, Topeli A. Yildirim M, et al. J Intensive Care Med. 2023 Jan;38(1):70-77. doi: 10.1177/08850666221131265. Epub 2022 Oct 10. J Intensive Care Med. 2023. PMID: 36213939 Free PMC article.

See all "Cited by" articles

References

1. Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, et al. . Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA 2020;324:782. 10.1001/jama.2020.12839 - DOI - PubMed
1. Center for Systems Science and Engineering . Coronavirus COVID-19 global cases, 2019. Available: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
1. Organization WH . Clinical management of COVID-19: interim guidance. V 1.5. 1.5 ED 2020.
1. Tay MZ, Poh CM, Rénia L, et al. . The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention. Nat Rev Immunol 2020;20:363–74. 10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Moses AGW, Maingay J, Sangster K, et al. . Pro-Inflammatory cytokine release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: relationship to acute phase response and survival. Oncol Rep 2009;21:1091–5. 10.3892/or_00000328 - DOI - PubMed

Publication types

Actions
Actions

MeSH terms

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

Grants and funding

30195/CRUK_/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- scite Smart Citations
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information
Research Materials
- NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program
Miscellaneous
- NCI CPTAC Assay Portal

[1] Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, et al. . Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA 2020;324:782. 10.1001/jama.2020.12839 - DOI - PubMed

[2] Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, et al. . Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA 2020;324:782. 10.1001/jama.2020.12839 - DOI - PubMed

[3] Center for Systems Science and Engineering . Coronavirus COVID-19 global cases, 2019. Available: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html

[4] Center for Systems Science and Engineering . Coronavirus COVID-19 global cases, 2019. Available: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html

[5] Organization WH . Clinical management of COVID-19: interim guidance. V 1.5. 1.5 ED 2020.

[6] Organization WH . Clinical management of COVID-19: interim guidance. V 1.5. 1.5 ED 2020.

[7] Tay MZ, Poh CM, Rénia L, et al. . The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention. Nat Rev Immunol 2020;20:363–74. 10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[8] Tay MZ, Poh CM, Rénia L, et al. . The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention. Nat Rev Immunol 2020;20:363–74. 10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[9] Moses AGW, Maingay J, Sangster K, et al. . Pro-Inflammatory cytokine release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: relationship to acute phase response and survival. Oncol Rep 2009;21:1091–5. 10.3892/or_00000328 - DOI - PubMed

[10] Moses AGW, Maingay J, Sangster K, et al. . Pro-Inflammatory cytokine release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: relationship to acute phase response and survival. Oncol Rep 2009;21:1091–5. 10.3892/or_00000328 - DOI - PubMed

Save citation to file

Email citation

Add to Collections

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search

Create a file for external citation management software

Your RSS Feed

Systemic pro-inflammatory response identifies patients with cancer with adverse outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 infection: the OnCovid Inflammatory Score

Affiliations

Systemic pro-inflammatory response identifies patients with cancer with adverse outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 infection: the OnCovid Inflammatory Score

Authors

Affiliations

Erratum in

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

Similar articles

Cited by

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Other Literature Sources

Medical

Research Materials

Miscellaneous

Erratum in

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

Similar articles

Cited by

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Related information

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Other Literature Sources

Medical

Research Materials

Miscellaneous