3D printing in neurosurgery education: a review

Abstract

Objectives: The objectives of this manuscript were to review the literature concerning 3D printing of brain and cranial vault pathology and use these data to define the gaps in global utilization of 3D printing technology for neurosurgical education.

Methods: Using specified criteria, literature searching was conducted to identify publications describing engineered neurosurgical simulators. Included in the study were manuscripts highlighting designs validated for neurosurgical skill transfer. Purely anatomical designs, lacking aspects of surgical simulation, were excluded. Eligible manuscripts were analyzed. Data on the types of simulators, representing the various modelled neurosurgical pathologies, were recorded. Authors' countries of affiliation were also recorded.

Results: A total of thirty-six articles, representing ten countries in five continents were identified. Geographically, Africa as a continent was not represented in any of the publications. The simulation-modelling encompassed a variety of neurosurgical subspecialties including: vascular, skull base, ventriculoscopy / ventriculostomy, craniosynostosis, skull lesions / skull defects, intrinsic brain tumor and other. Finally, the vascular and skull base categories together accounted for over half (52.8 %) of the 3D printed simulated neurosurgical pathology.

Conclusions: Despite the growing body of literature supporting 3D printing in neurosurgical education, its full potential has not been maximized. Unexplored areas of 3D printing for neurosurgical simulation include models simulating the resection of intrinsic brain tumors or of epilepsy surgery lesions, as these require complex models to accurately simulate fine dissection techniques. 3D printed surgical phantoms offer an avenue for the advancement of global-surgery education initiatives.

Keywords: 3D printing; Additive Manufacturing; Neurosurgery Education; Rapid prototyping.

Fig. 1

PRISMA search strategy summary

Fig. 2

A tabulated summary of the distribution of the 3D printed phantoms identified in literature, corresponding to the author’s country affiliations

Fig. 3

Geographic heat map illustrating the current distribution of 3D print technology’s use in neurosurgical education

Fig. 4

A graphical illustration of the disaggregated data by country of author’s affiliation