Oncolytic adenovirus: A tool for reversing the tumor microenvironment and promoting cancer treatment (Review)

Abstract

Immunogene therapy can enhance the antitumor immune effect by introducing genes encoding co‑stimulation molecules, cytokines, chemokines and tumor‑associated antigens into treatment cells or human cells through genetic engineering techniques. Oncolytic viruses can specifically target tumor cells and replicate indefinitely until they kill tumor cells. If combined with immunogene therapy, oncolytic viruses can play a more powerful antitumor role. The high pressure, hypoxia and acidity in the tumor microenvironment (TME) provide suitable conditions for tumor cells to survive. To maximize the potency of oncolytic viruses, various methods are being developed to promote the reversal of the TME, thereby maximizing transmission of replication and immunogenicity. The aim of the present review was to discuss the basic mechanisms underlying the effects of oncolytic adenoviruses on the TME, and suggest how to combine the modification of the adenovirus with the TME to further combat malignant tumors.

Keywords: oncolytic adenovirus; tumor microenvironment; gene therapy; immune checkpoints.

Figure 1.

Schematic diagram of the tumor microenvironment.

Figure 2.

Oncolytic adenovirus mechanism of action. When the oncolytic adenovirus specifically infects tumor cells, it releases new virus particles and transmits them to other tumor cells. It also delivers cytokines, growth factors, fusion proteins and other substances that act on other corresponding cells in the tumor microenvironment.