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Review
. 2021 Mar 2:15:612891.
doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.612891. eCollection 2021.

Intraoperative Cognitive Mapping Tasks for Direct Electrical Stimulation in Clinical and Neuroscientific Contexts

Linghao Bu  1   2   3   4   5 , Junfeng Lu  1   2   3   4   5 , Jie Zhang  1   2   3   4   5 , Jinsong Wu  1   2   3   4   5
Affiliations
Review

Intraoperative Cognitive Mapping Tasks for Direct Electrical Stimulation in Clinical and Neuroscientific Contexts

Linghao Bu et al. Front Hum Neurosci. .

Abstract

Direct electrical stimulation (DES) has been widely applied in both guidance of lesion resection and scientific research; however, the design and selection of intraoperative cognitive mapping tasks have not been updated in a very long time. We introduce updated mapping tasks for language and non-language functions and provide recommendations for optimal design and selection of intraoperative mapping tasks. In addition, with DES becoming more critical in current neuroscientific research, a task design that has not been widely used in DES yet (subtraction and conjunction paradigms) was introduced for more delicate mapping of brain functions especially for research purposes. We also illustrate the importance of designing a common task series for DES and other non-invasive mapping techniques. This review gives practical updated guidelines for advanced application of DES in clinical and neuroscientific research.

Keywords: awake surgery; cognitive function; direct electrical stimulation; neurophysiology; neuroscience.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Illustration of direct electrical mapping with picture naming task. (A) A series of black-and-white line drawing of a common object is used as stimulating materials; (B) a specially designed machine is used to present the stimulus with a moveable screen [more details about this machine on our forthcoming article (Hameed et al., 2021)]; (C) neurosurgeon applies electrical stimulations with a bipolar electrode and uses sterile tags to mark the positive sites; (D) electrophysiological monitoring is used to record after-discharge activity.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Illustration of the relation between intraoperative tasks and cortical regions.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Illustration of the relation between intraoperative tasks and major white matter tracts.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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