Review

. 2021 Aug 1:780:146494.

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146494. Epub 2021 Mar 17.

Soil erosion modelling: A global review and statistical analysis

Pasquale Borrelli¹, Christine Alewell², Pablo Alvarez³, Jamil Alexandre Ayach Anache⁴, Jantiene Baartman⁵, Cristiano Ballabio⁶, Nejc Bezak⁷, Marcella Biddoccu⁸, Artemi Cerdà⁹, Devraj Chalise¹⁰, Songchao Chen¹¹, Walter Chen¹², Anna Maria De Girolamo¹³, Gizaw Desta Gessesse¹⁴, Detlef Deumlich¹⁵, Nazzareno Diodato¹⁶, Nikolaos Efthimiou¹⁷, Gunay Erpul¹⁸, Peter Fiener¹⁹, Michele Freppaz²⁰, Francesco Gentile²¹, Andreas Gericke²², Nigussie Haregeweyn²³, Bifeng Hu²⁴, Amelie Jeanneau²⁵, Konstantinos Kaffas²⁶, Mahboobeh Kiani-Harchegani²⁷, Ivan Lizaga Villuendas²⁸, Changjia Li²⁹, Luigi Lombardo³⁰, Manuel López-Vicente³¹, Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja³², Michael Märker³³, Francis Matthews⁶, Chiyuan Miao³⁴, Matjaž Mikoš⁷, Sirio Modugno³⁵, Markus Möller³⁶, Victoria Naipal³⁷, Mark Nearing³⁸, Stephen Owusu³⁹, Dinesh Panday⁴⁰, Edouard Patault⁴¹, Cristian Valeriu Patriche⁴², Laura Poggio⁴³, Raquel Portes⁴⁴, Laura Quijano⁴⁵, Mohammad Reza Rahdari⁴⁶, Mohammed Renima⁴⁷, Giovanni Francesco Ricci²¹, Jesús Rodrigo-Comino⁴⁸, Sergio Saia⁴⁹, Aliakbar Nazari Samani⁵⁰, Calogero Schillaci⁵¹, Vasileios Syrris⁶, Hyuck Soo Kim⁵², Diogo Noses Spinola⁵³, Paulo Tarso Oliveira⁵⁴, Hongfen Teng⁵⁵, Resham Thapa⁵⁶, Konstantinos Vantas⁵⁷, Diana Vieira⁵⁸, Jae E Yang⁵², Shuiqing Yin³⁴, Demetrio Antonio Zema⁵⁹, Guangju Zhao⁶⁰, Panos Panagos⁶¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata, 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Environmental Geosciences, University of Basel, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland; Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: pasquale.borrelli@unipv.it.
² Department of Environmental Sciences, Environmental Geosciences, University of Basel, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland.
³ Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany; Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, National University of Loja, Ecuador.
⁴ Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), CxP. 359, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil; Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, CxP. 549, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil.
⁵ Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
⁶ European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
⁷ University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁸ Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy.
⁹ Soil Erosion and Degradation Research Group, Department of Geography, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
¹⁰ School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
¹¹ INRAE, Unité InfoSol, Orléans 45075, France.
¹² Department of Civil Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan.
¹³ Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Bari, Italy.
¹⁴ International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Ethiopia.
¹⁵ Leibniz-Center for Agricultural Landscape Research Muencheberg (ZALF), Germany.
¹⁶ Met European Research Observatory-International Affiliates Program of the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Via Monte Pino snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
¹⁷ Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha, Suchdol 165 00, Czech Republic.
¹⁸ Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, 06110, Diskapi, Ankara, Turkey.
¹⁹ Water and Soil Resources Research Group, Institute of Geography, Universität Augsburg, Alter Postweg 118, 86159 Augsburg, Germany.
²⁰ University of Turin, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy.
²¹ University of Bari Aldo Moro, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Bari, Italy.
²² Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (FV-IGB), Department of Ecohydrology, 12587 Berlin, Germany.
²³ International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori 680-0001, Japan.
²⁴ Unité de Recherche en Science du Sol, INRAE, Orléans 45075, France; Sciences de la Terre et de l'Univers, Orléans University, 45067 Orléans, France.
²⁵ School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
²⁶ Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy.
²⁷ Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Yazd university, Yazd, Iran.
²⁸ Estación Experimental de Aula-Dei (EEAD-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council, Avenida Montañana, 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
²⁹ State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Institute of Land Surface System and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
³⁰ University of Twente, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), PO Box 217, Enschede AE 7500, the Netherlands.
³¹ Team Soil, Water and Land Use, Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen 6708RC, Netherlands.
³² Castilla La Mancha University, School of Advanced Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, Albacete 02071, Spain.
³³ Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata, 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
³⁴ State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
³⁵ World Food Programme, Roma 00148, Italy; University of Leicester, Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, Department of Geography, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
³⁶ Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment, Kleinmachnow, Germany.
³⁷ Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
³⁸ Southwest Watershed Research Center, USDA-ARS, 2000 E. Allen Rd., Tucson, AZ 85719, United States.
³⁹ Soil Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kwadaso, Kumasi, Ghana.
⁴⁰ Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.
⁴¹ Normandie Univ, Rouen, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, M2C, FED-SCALE, Rouen, France.
⁴² Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch, Geography Group, 8 Carol I, 700505, Iasi, Romania.
⁴³ ISRIC - World Soil Information, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
⁴⁴ Minas Gerais State University - Campus Frutal, Brazil.
⁴⁵ Georges Lemaître Centre for Earth and Climate Research - Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
⁴⁶ Faculty of Agriculture, University of Torbat Heydarieh, Torbat Heydarieh, Iran.
⁴⁷ University Hassiba Benbouali of Chlef, Laboratory of Chemistry Vegetable-Water-Energy, Algeria.
⁴⁸ Soil Erosion and Degradation Research Group, Department of Geography, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Physical Geography, University of Trier, 54296 Trier, Germany.
⁴⁹ Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
⁵⁰ Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
⁵¹ Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
⁵² Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
⁵³ Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA.
⁵⁴ Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, CxP. 549, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil.
⁵⁵ School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
⁵⁶ Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
⁵⁷ Department of Rural and Surveying Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
⁵⁸ Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Dpt. of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Portugal.
⁵⁹ Department "Agraria", University "Mediterranea" of Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy.
⁶⁰ State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
⁶¹ European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy. Electronic address: panos.panagos@ec.europa.eu.

PMID: 33773346
PMCID: PMC8140410
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146494

Review

Soil erosion modelling: A global review and statistical analysis

Pasquale Borrelli et al. Sci Total Environ. 2021.

. 2021 Aug 1:780:146494.

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146494. Epub 2021 Mar 17.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata, 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Environmental Geosciences, University of Basel, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland; Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: pasquale.borrelli@unipv.it.
² Department of Environmental Sciences, Environmental Geosciences, University of Basel, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland.
³ Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany; Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, National University of Loja, Ecuador.
⁴ Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), CxP. 359, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil; Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, CxP. 549, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil.
⁵ Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
⁶ European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
⁷ University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁸ Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy.
⁹ Soil Erosion and Degradation Research Group, Department of Geography, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
¹⁰ School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
¹¹ INRAE, Unité InfoSol, Orléans 45075, France.
¹² Department of Civil Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan.
¹³ Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Bari, Italy.
¹⁴ International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Ethiopia.
¹⁵ Leibniz-Center for Agricultural Landscape Research Muencheberg (ZALF), Germany.
¹⁶ Met European Research Observatory-International Affiliates Program of the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Via Monte Pino snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
¹⁷ Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha, Suchdol 165 00, Czech Republic.
¹⁸ Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, 06110, Diskapi, Ankara, Turkey.
¹⁹ Water and Soil Resources Research Group, Institute of Geography, Universität Augsburg, Alter Postweg 118, 86159 Augsburg, Germany.
²⁰ University of Turin, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy.
²¹ University of Bari Aldo Moro, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Bari, Italy.
²² Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (FV-IGB), Department of Ecohydrology, 12587 Berlin, Germany.
²³ International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori 680-0001, Japan.
²⁴ Unité de Recherche en Science du Sol, INRAE, Orléans 45075, France; Sciences de la Terre et de l'Univers, Orléans University, 45067 Orléans, France.
²⁵ School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
²⁶ Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy.
²⁷ Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Yazd university, Yazd, Iran.
²⁸ Estación Experimental de Aula-Dei (EEAD-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council, Avenida Montañana, 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
²⁹ State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Institute of Land Surface System and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
³⁰ University of Twente, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), PO Box 217, Enschede AE 7500, the Netherlands.
³¹ Team Soil, Water and Land Use, Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen 6708RC, Netherlands.
³² Castilla La Mancha University, School of Advanced Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, Albacete 02071, Spain.
³³ Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata, 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
³⁴ State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
³⁵ World Food Programme, Roma 00148, Italy; University of Leicester, Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, Department of Geography, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
³⁶ Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment, Kleinmachnow, Germany.
³⁷ Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
³⁸ Southwest Watershed Research Center, USDA-ARS, 2000 E. Allen Rd., Tucson, AZ 85719, United States.
³⁹ Soil Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kwadaso, Kumasi, Ghana.
⁴⁰ Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.
⁴¹ Normandie Univ, Rouen, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, M2C, FED-SCALE, Rouen, France.
⁴² Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch, Geography Group, 8 Carol I, 700505, Iasi, Romania.
⁴³ ISRIC - World Soil Information, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
⁴⁴ Minas Gerais State University - Campus Frutal, Brazil.
⁴⁵ Georges Lemaître Centre for Earth and Climate Research - Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
⁴⁶ Faculty of Agriculture, University of Torbat Heydarieh, Torbat Heydarieh, Iran.
⁴⁷ University Hassiba Benbouali of Chlef, Laboratory of Chemistry Vegetable-Water-Energy, Algeria.
⁴⁸ Soil Erosion and Degradation Research Group, Department of Geography, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Physical Geography, University of Trier, 54296 Trier, Germany.
⁴⁹ Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
⁵⁰ Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
⁵¹ Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
⁵² Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
⁵³ Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA.
⁵⁴ Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, CxP. 549, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil.
⁵⁵ School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
⁵⁶ Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
⁵⁷ Department of Rural and Surveying Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
⁵⁸ Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Dpt. of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Portugal.
⁵⁹ Department "Agraria", University "Mediterranea" of Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy.
⁶⁰ State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
⁶¹ European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy. Electronic address: panos.panagos@ec.europa.eu.

PMID: 33773346
PMCID: PMC8140410
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146494

Abstract

To gain a better understanding of the global application of soil erosion prediction models, we comprehensively reviewed relevant peer-reviewed research literature on soil-erosion modelling published between 1994 and 2017. We aimed to identify (i) the processes and models most frequently addressed in the literature, (ii) the regions within which models are primarily applied, (iii) the regions which remain unaddressed and why, and (iv) how frequently studies are conducted to validate/evaluate model outcomes relative to measured data. To perform this task, we combined the collective knowledge of 67 soil-erosion scientists from 25 countries. The resulting database, named 'Global Applications of Soil Erosion Modelling Tracker (GASEMT)', includes 3030 individual modelling records from 126 countries, encompassing all continents (except Antarctica). Out of the 8471 articles identified as potentially relevant, we reviewed 1697 appropriate articles and systematically evaluated and transferred 42 relevant attributes into the database. This GASEMT database provides comprehensive insights into the state-of-the-art of soil- erosion models and model applications worldwide. This database intends to support the upcoming country-based United Nations global soil-erosion assessment in addition to helping to inform soil erosion research priorities by building a foundation for future targeted, in-depth analyses. GASEMT is an open-source database available to the entire user-community to develop research, rectify errors, and make future expansions.

Keywords: Erosion rates; GIS; Land degradation; Land sustainability; Modelling; Policy support.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Unlabelled Image — **Graphical abstract**

**Fig. 1**
Geographical distribution of 1833 of the 3030 GASEMT database records for which the study areas' geographical coordinates could be obtained. The modelling applications are grouped using a hexagonal grid with a Robinson projection to represent the density of observations optimally.

**Fig. 2**
Number of publications catagorised by the simulated erosive agent in the GASEMT database through time (left panel, 4-year time windows) and overall 1994–2017 (right panel). Both panels share the same legend.

**Fig. 3**
Distribution of the GASEMT database modelling applications according to spatial scale (other includes continental, farm, and global scale).

**Fig. 4**
Number of publications according to models in the GASEMT database through time (left) (4-year time windows) and overall distribution (right).

**Fig. 5**
Distribution of the estimated soil-erosion rates (gross and net) categorized by erosion agent (panel a), continent (panel b), and spatial scale (panel c). Values in the cells and colour legend represent the numbers of occurrences in the database.

**Fig. 6**
Comparison of modelled erosion rates under different land covers. Note that the outliers >8 mm yr⁻¹ are excluded in the graphic. The boxplots display the interquartile range (grey boxes), the median (horizontal bold black lines), the 10th and 90th percentile (horizontal black lines) and outliers (dots).

**Fig. 7**
Comparison of the predicted soil erosion rates of the nine models most commonly occurring in the GASEMT database. Note that the outliers >100 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ are excluded in the graphic. The boxplots display the interquartile range (grey boxes), the median (horizontal bold black lines), the 10th and 90th percentile (horizontal black bars), and outliers (dots).

**Fig. 8**
Geographical distribution of the 1586 quantitative modelling estimates, including the study area's size (proportional to the size of circles) and predicted soil erosion rates (chromatic scale). Robinson projection.

**Fig. 9**
Spatial distribution (Robinson projection) of the sites reported in García-Ruiz et al. (2015) database on soil erosion field measurements.

**Fig. 10**
Geographical distribution (Robinson projection) of 1833 Global Applications of Soil Erosion Modelling Tracker (GASEMT), grouped using a hexagonal grid, superimposed on (panel a) the global cropland according to the IMAGE model year 2015 (Hurtt et al., 2020; Stehfest et al., 2014), (panel b) global annual rainfall (Hijmans et al., 2005), (panel c) global yearly changes in the agricultural area between the reference period 2015 and 2070 projections (Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) RCP 6.0, Hurtt et al., 2020), and the water and wind erosion severity according to the Global Assessment of Soil Degradation (GLASOD) (panel d). The degree of damage is indicated from low (1) to severe (4). This figure is available at high-resolution in the Supplementary Information (Fig. S3).

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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Soil erosion modelling: A global review and statistical analysis

Affiliations

Soil erosion modelling: A global review and statistical analysis

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Other Literature Sources