Are saliva and deep throat sputum as reliable as common respiratory specimens for SARS-CoV-2 detection? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic raises an urgent need for large-scale control through easier, cheaper, and safer diagnostic specimens, including saliva and sputum. We aimed to conduct a systemic review and meta-analysis on the reliability and sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 detection in saliva and deep throat sputum (DTS) compared to nasopharyngeal, combined naso/oropharyngeal, and oropharyngeal swabs.

Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to the PRISMA statement. The inclusion criteria were studies that specifically assessed a sample of saliva or DTS with at least one other respiratory specimen in patients with COVID-19 infection, based on RT-PCR tests. The DerSimonian-Laird bivariate random-effects model analysis performed using STATA software with the "metaprop" package.

Results: From 1598 studies, we retrieved 33 records, of which 26 studies were included for quantitative analysis. We found an overall sensitivity of 97% (95% confidence interval [CI], 86-100) for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, 92% (95% CI, 80-99) for double naso/oropharyngeal swabs, 87% (95% CI, 77-95) for nasopharyngeal swabs, 83% (95% CI, 77-89) for saliva, 82% (95% CI, 76-88) for DTS, and 44% (95% CI, 35-52) for oropharyngeal swabs among symptomatic patients, respectively. Regardless of the type of specimens, the viral load and sensitivity in the severe patients were higher than mild and in the symptomatic patients higher than asymptomatic cases.

Conclusions: The present review provides evidence for the diagnostic value of different respiratory specimens and supports saliva and DTS as promising diagnostic tools for first-line screening of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the methods of sampling, storing, and laboratory assay need to be optimized and validated before introducing as a definitive diagnosis tool. Saliva, DTS, and nasopharyngeal swab showed approximately similar results, and sensitivity was directly related to the disease severity. This review revealed a relationship between viral load, disease severity, and test sensitivity. None of the specimens showed appropriate diagnostic sensitivity for asymptomatic patients.

Keywords: COVID-19; Nasopharyngeal swab; Oropharyngeal swab; RT-PCR diagnostic test; Sensitivity; Sputum.

Graphical abstract

Fig 1

The forest plot of SARS-CoV-2 detection sensitivity of saliva, based on RT-PCR analysis from symptomatic COVID-19 patients regarding the disease's severity.

Fig 2

The forest plot of SARS-CoV-2 detection sensitivity of deep throat sputum based on RT-PCR analysis from symptomatic COVID-19 patients regarding the disease's severity.

Fig 3

The forest plot of SARS-CoV-2 detection sensitivity of the nasopharyngeal sample and double naso/oropharyngeal samples based on RT-PCR analysis from symptomatic COVID-19 patients regarding the disease's severity.

Fig 4

(A) Summary of the quality assessment of the included saliva-based studies; (B) Summary of the quality assessment of the included DTS-based studies.