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Review
. 2021 Mar 11;10(3):429.
doi: 10.3390/antiox10030429.

Trends in H2S-Donors Chemistry and Their Effects in Cardiovascular Diseases

Angela Corvino  1 , Francesco Frecentese  1 , Elisa Magli  1 , Elisa Perissutti  1 , Vincenzo Santagada  1 , Antonia Scognamiglio  1 , Giuseppe Caliendo  1 , Ferdinando Fiorino  1 , Beatrice Severino  1
Affiliations
Review

Trends in H2S-Donors Chemistry and Their Effects in Cardiovascular Diseases

Angela Corvino et al. Antioxidants (Basel). .

Abstract

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gasotransmitter recently emerged as an important regulatory mediator of numerous human cell functions in health and in disease. In fact, much evidence has suggested that hydrogen sulfide plays a significant role in many physio-pathological processes, such as inflammation, oxidation, neurophysiology, ion channels regulation, cardiovascular protection, endocrine regulation, and tumor progression. Considering the plethora of physiological effects of this gasotransmitter, the protective role of H2S donors in different disease models has been extensively studied. Based on the growing interest in H2S-releasing compounds and their importance as tools for biological and pharmacological studies, this review is an exploration of currently available H2S donors, classifying them by the H2S-releasing-triggered mechanism and highlighting those potentially useful as promising drugs in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Keywords: H2S release; cardiovascular diseases; hydrogen sulfide; natural H2S donors; synthetic H2S donors; triggered mechanism.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic illustration of the effects of H2S in different heart diseases and the molecular mechanisms underlying H2S-induced cardioprotection.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Mechanism of H2S release from Na2S (1a) and NaHS (1b) in aqueous solution and its dynamic equilibrium among different species (2).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Chemical structures of natural isothiocyanates, which are abundant in cruciferous vegetables.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Chemical structures of commonly studied organosulfur compounds of garlic.
Figure 5
Figure 5
H2S production from organic polysulfides by thiol reactions. Proposed mechanism of H2S production from (a) diallyl disulfide (DADS) and (b) diallyl trisulfide (DATS).
Figure 6
Figure 6
The mechanism of H2S release from isothiocyanates.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Chemical structures of H2S donor hybrids involved in cardiovascular disease.
Figure 8
Figure 8
H2S-releasing mechanism from JK donors.
Figure 9
Figure 9
H2S release from N-benzoylthiobenzamides.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Proposed mechanism of H2S release from perthiol-based donors; R’-SH = cysteine or GSH.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Proposed mechanism for H2S release from dithioperoxyanhydrides; R′-SH = cysteine or GSH.
Figure 12
Figure 12
H2S-releasing mechanism from 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-diones (THIA).
Figure 13
Figure 13
Mechanism of esterase-triggered H2S release.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Mechanism of carbonyl sulfide (COS)/H2S release from NTA1.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Proposed mechanism for H2O2-triggered COS/H2S release.
Figure 16
Figure 16
Proposed mechanism for H2S release from thioamino acids.
Figure 17
Figure 17
H2S/NO-releasing mechanism from ZYZ803.
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