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Review
. 2021 Mar 6;11(3):459.
doi: 10.3390/diagnostics11030459.

Temporomandibular Disorders: Current Concepts and Controversies in Diagnosis and Management

Dion Tik Shun Li  1 , Yiu Yan Leung  1
Affiliations
Review

Temporomandibular Disorders: Current Concepts and Controversies in Diagnosis and Management

Dion Tik Shun Li et al. Diagnostics (Basel). .

Abstract

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a group of orofacial pain conditions which are the most common non-dental pain complaint in the maxillofacial region. Due to the complexity of the etiology, the diagnosis and management of TMD remain a challenge where consensus is still lacking in many aspects. While clinical examination is considered the most important process in the diagnosis of TMD, imaging may serve as a valuable adjunct in selected cases. Depending on the type of TMD, many treatment modalities have been proposed, ranging from conservative options to open surgical procedures. In this review, the authors discuss the present thinking in the etiology and classification of TMD, followed by the diagnostic approach and the current trend and controversies in management.

Keywords: TMD; craniomandibular disorders; facial pain; temporomandibular disorders; temporomandibular joint.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showing anteriorly displaced disc in both the close and open mouth position in a patient presented with lock jaw.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Occlusal splint for the management of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and bruxism.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Arthrocentesis performed under local anaesthesia.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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