Chemical Diversity and Biological Activity of Secondary Metabolites Isolated from Indonesian Marine Invertebrates

Abstract

Marine invertebrates have been reported to be an excellent resource of many novel bioactive compounds. Studies reported that Indonesia has remarkable yet underexplored marine natural products, with a high chemical diversity and a broad spectrum of biological activities. This review discusses recent updates on the exploration of marine natural products from Indonesian marine invertebrates (i.e., sponges, tunicates, and soft corals) throughout 2007-2020. This paper summarizes the structural diversity and biological function of the bioactive compounds isolated from Indonesian marine invertebrates as antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer, and antiviral, while also presenting the opportunity for further investigation of novel compounds derived from Indonesian marine invertebrates.

Keywords: Indonesia; biodiversity; biological activity; marine invertebrates; marine natural product; soft corals; sponges; tunicates.

Figure 1

Chemical structures of 1–19.

Figure 2

Chemical structures of 20–30.

Figure 3

Chemical Structures of 31–38.

Figure 4

Chemical structures of 39–50.

Figure 5

Chemical structures of 51–71.

Figure 6

Chemical structures of 72–86.

Figure 7

Chemical structures of 87–98.

Figure 8

Chemical structures of 99–102.

Figure 9

Chemical structures of 103–105.

Figure 10

Chemical structures of 106–111.

Figure 11

Chemical structures of 112–119.

Figure 12

Chemical structures of 120–130.

Figure 13

The distribution of sample origin and the division of compound class by genus.

Figure 14

Biological activities of compounds isolated from Indonesian marine invertebrates (left) and the division of genus by compound class (right).