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. 2021 Mar 3;14(5):1184.
doi: 10.3390/ma14051184.

Burning Behaviour of Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Histidine and Modified Graphene Oxide

Kamila Sałasińska  1 , Milena Leszczyńska  2 , Maciej Celiński  1 , Paweł Kozikowski  1 , Krystian Kowiorski  3 , Ludwika Lipińska  3
Affiliations

Burning Behaviour of Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Histidine and Modified Graphene Oxide

Kamila Sałasińska et al. Materials (Basel). .

Erratum in

Abstract

Since rigid polyurethane (PU) foams are one of the most effective thermal insulation materials with widespread application, it is an urgent requirement to improve its fire retardancy and reduce the smoke emission. The current work assessed the fire behavior of PU foam with non-halogen fire retardants system, containing histidine (H) and modified graphene oxide (GOA). For investigated system, three loadings (10, 20, and 30 wt.%) were used. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis, cone calorimetry (CC) and smoke density chamber tests as well as pre- and post-burning morphological evaluation using scanning electron microscope (SEM) were performed. Moreover, TGA combined with FT-IR was conducted to determine the substances, which could be evolved during the thermal decomposition of the PU with fire retardant system. The results indicated a reduction in heat release rate (HRR), maximum average rate of heat emission (MAHRE), the total heat release (THR) as well as the total smoke release (TSR), and maximum specific optical density (Dsmax) compared to the polyurethane with commercial fire retardant, namely ammonium polyphosphate (APP). A significantly improvement, especially in smoke suppression, suggested that HGOA system may be a candidate as a fire retardant to reduce the flammability of PU foams.

Keywords: burning behavior; fire retardant; graphene oxide; polyurethane foam.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The chemical structure of histidine (a) and 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (b).
Figure 2
Figure 2
SEM images of H (a,b) and GOA (c,d).
Figure 3
Figure 3
TG and DTG curves of H (a) and GOA (b) in air.
Figure 4
Figure 4
FT-IR spectra of PU/APP and PU/HGOA foams.
Figure 5
Figure 5
SEM images of breakthroughs of PU/10APP (a), PU/20APP (b), PU/30APP (c), PU/10HGOA (d), PU/20HGOA (e), and PU/30HGOA (f).
Figure 5
Figure 5
SEM images of breakthroughs of PU/10APP (a), PU/20APP (b), PU/30APP (c), PU/10HGOA (d), PU/20HGOA (e), and PU/30HGOA (f).
Figure 6
Figure 6
TG (a) and DTG (b) curves of PU/APP and PU/HGOA in air.
Figure 6
Figure 6
TG (a) and DTG (b) curves of PU/APP and PU/HGOA in air.
Figure 7
Figure 7
DSC thermogram of the PU/20 HGOA material.
Figure 8
Figure 8
TgHS of materials (a) PU/APP (b) PU/ HGOA.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Representative curves of heat release rate of polyurethane foams with APP and HGOA system.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Photographs of the PU/10APP (a) PU/20APP (b) PU/30APP (c) PU/10HGOA (d) PU/20HGOA (e) and PU/30HGOA (f) after cone calorimetry tests.
Figure 11
Figure 11
SEM images of PU/30APP and PU/30HGOA after CC tests (outer and inner part of char) and EDS results.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Representative curves of total smoke release of polyurethane foams with APP and HGOA system.
Figure 13
Figure 13
The 3D TGA/FT-IR spectra of PU/30HGOA and PU/30APP.
Figure 14
Figure 14
The 3D TGA/FT-IR spectra of PU/30HGOA and PU/30APP.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Proposed decomposition mechanism for histidine.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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