Meconium Aspiration Syndrome: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Meconium aspiration syndrome is a clinical condition characterized by respiratory failure occurring in neonates born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid. Worldwide, the incidence has declined in developed countries thanks to improved obstetric practices and perinatal care while challenges persist in developing countries. Despite the improved survival rate over the last decades, long-term morbidity among survivors remains a major concern. Since the 1960s, relevant changes have occurred in the perinatal and postnatal management of such patients but the most appropriate approach is still a matter of debate. This review offers an updated overview of the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, management and prognosis of infants with meconium aspiration syndrome.

Keywords: infant newborn; meconium aspiration syndrome; meconium-stained amniotic fluid.

Figure 1

Pathophysiology of meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS). LEGEND: MAS, meconium aspiration syndrome; MSAF, meconium stained amniotic fluid; PPHN, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the neonate; V/Q mismatch, ventilation/perfusion mismatch.

Figure 2

Chest X-ray of meconium aspiration syndrome.