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. 2021 Mar 9;7(3):193.
doi: 10.3390/jof7030193.

Biological Treatment of Real Textile Effluent Using Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium oxysporium and Their Consortium along with the Evaluation of Their Phytotoxicity

Mohamed T Selim  1 , Salem S Salem  1 , Asem A Mohamed  2 , Mamdouh S El-Gamal  1 , Mohamed F Awad  3 , Amr Fouda  1
Affiliations

Biological Treatment of Real Textile Effluent Using Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium oxysporium and Their Consortium along with the Evaluation of Their Phytotoxicity

Mohamed T Selim et al. J Fungi (Basel). .

Abstract

Twenty-one fungal strains were isolated from dye-contaminated soil; out of them, two fungal strains A2 and G2-1 showed the highest decolorization capacity for real textile effluent and were, hence, identified as Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium oxysporium based on morphological and molecular methods. The highest decolorization percentage of 78.12 ± 2.1% was attained in the biotreatment with fungal consortium followed by A. flavus and F. oxysporium separately with removal percentages of 54.68 ± 1.2% and 52.41 ± 1.0%, respectively. Additionally, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy of the treated effluent showed that a maximum peak (λmax) of 415 nm was reduced as compared with the control. The indicators of wastewater treatment efficacy, namely total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, conductivity, biological oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand with removal percentages of 78.2, 78.4, 58.2, 78.1, and 77.6%, respectively, demonstrated a considerable decrease in values due to fungal consortium treatment. The reduction in peak and mass area along with the appearance of new peaks in GC-MS confirms a successful biodegradation process. The toxicity of treated textile effluents on the seed germination of Vicia faba was decreased as compared with the control. The shoot length after irrigation with effluents treated by the fungal consortium was 15.12 ± 1.01 cm as compared with that treated by tap-water, which was 17.8 ± 0.7 cm. Finally, we recommended the decrease of excessive uses of synthetic dyes and utilized biological approaches for the treatment of real textile effluents to reuse in irrigation of uneaten plants especially with water scarcity worldwide.

Keywords: GC–MS; decolorization; fungi; plants irrigation; textile wastewater; water scarcity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Assessment of the efficacy of isolated fungal strains to decolorization of textile wastewater under sterilized condition (A) and non-sterilized condition (B). See results for the identities of the fungal isolates tested in this study.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Phylogenetic tree of ITS sequences of the fungal isolates A2 and G2-1 with the sequences from NCBI and designated as Aspergillus flavus A2 and Fusarium oxysporum G2-1.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The optimization process of decolorization of crude textile wastewater using fungal strains. (A) denotes the effect of different inoculum sizes; (B) denotes the effect of different carbon sources; (C) the effect of different nitrogen sources. No carbon or no nitrogen denotes inoculated media without adding external carbon or nitrogen source Error bars are Mean ± SE (n = 3). Ctrl, control without fungal inoculation; A. flavus (A2) and F. oxysporum (G2-1). Different letters on bars denote that mean values are significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) by the Tukey test.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Assessment decolorization efficacy of crude textile wastewater using individual fungal strain and their consortium. (A) Decolorization percentages, Ctrl, without fungal inoculation; A2, Aspergillus flavus; G2-1, Fusarium oxysporium; A2*G2-1, a mixture of A. flavus with F. oxysporium. (B) UV-Visible spectrum for textile effluent before and after optimization and treated by either individual or consortium fungal strains. Error bars are Mean ± SE (n = 3). Different letters on bars denote that mean values are significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) by the Tukey test.
Figure 5
Figure 5
GC-mass spectra of textile wastewater before (A) and after (B) fungal consortium treatment.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(1) Phytotoxicity study of textile wastewater on Vicia faba L. seeds using two fungal strains and their consortium. (1) Seeds after being treated with freshwater, (2) Seeds after being treated with textile effluent without fungal treatment: (3) Seeds after being treated with textile effluent degraded by a fungal consortium (A. flavus with F. oxysporium A2*G2-1). (4) Seeds after being treated with textile effluent degraded by A. flavus; A2 (5) Seeds after being treated with textile effluent degraded by F. oxysporium G2-1.
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