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Observational Study
. 2021 Mar 15;13(3):942.
doi: 10.3390/nu13030942.

Current Management of Hyperkalemia in Non-Dialysis CKD: Longitudinal Study of Patients Receiving Stable Nephrology Care

Silvio Borrelli  1 , Luca De Nicola  1 , Roberto Minutolo  1 , Giuseppe Conte  1 , Paolo Chiodini  2 , Adamasco Cupisti  3 , Domenico Santoro  4 , Vincenzo Calabrese  4 , Domenico Giannese  3 , Carlo Garofalo  1 , Michele Provenzano  5 , Vincenzo Bellizzi  6 , Luca Apicella  6 , Giorgina Barbara Piccoli  7   8 , Massimo Torreggiani  8 , Biagio Raffaele Di Iorio  9
Affiliations
Observational Study

Current Management of Hyperkalemia in Non-Dialysis CKD: Longitudinal Study of Patients Receiving Stable Nephrology Care

Silvio Borrelli et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

Background: No study has explored the limitations of current long-term management of hyperkalemia (HK) in outpatient CKD clinics.

Methods: We evaluated the association between current therapeutic options and control of serum K (sK) during 12-month follow up in ND-CKD patients stratified in four groups by HK (sK ≥ 5.0 mEq/L) at baseline and month 12: Absent (no-no), Resolving (yes-no), New Onset (no-yes), Persistent (yes-yes).

Results: We studied 562 patients (age 66.2 ± 14.5 y; 61% males; eGFR 39.8 ± 21.8 mL/min/1.73 m2, RAASI 76.2%). HK was "absent" in 50.7%, "resolving" in 15.6%, "new onset" in 16.6%, and "persistent" in 17.1%. Twenty-four hour urinary measurements testified adherence to nutritional recommendations in the four groups at either visit. We detected increased prescription from baseline to month 12 of bicarbonate supplements (from 5.0 to 14.1%, p < 0.0001), K-binders (from 2.0 to 7.7%, p < 0.0001), and non-K sparing diuretics (from 34.3 to 41.5%, p < 0.001); these changes were consistent across groups. Similar results were obtained when using higher sK level (≥5.5 mEq/L) to stratify patients. Mixed-effects regression analysis showed that higher sK over time was associated with eGFR < 60, diabetes, lower serum bicarbonate, lower use of non-K sparing diuretics, bicarbonate supplementation, and K-binder use. Treatment-by-time interaction showed that sK decreased in HK patients given bicarbonate (p = 0.003) and K-binders (p = 0.005).

Conclusions: This observational study discloses that one-third of ND-CKD patients under nephrology care remain with or develop HK during a 12-month period despite low K intake and increased use of sK-lowering drugs.

Keywords: CKD; RAASI; diet; hyperkalemia; potassium.

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Conflict of interest statement

Roberto Minutolo has been member of Advisory Boards for Astellas, Amgen, and invited speaker at meetings supported by Amgen, Vifor Pharma. Luca De Nicola has received fees for scientific consultation and/or lectures by Astellas, AstraZeneca, Mundibiopharma and Vifor Pharma. Adamasco Cupisti has received consultation or speaker honoraria from Fresenius Kabi, Shaer, Vifor Pharma. Vincenzo Bellizzi has received fees for advisory boards and lectures from Shaer and Fresenius Kabi. Silvio Borrelli, Giuseppe Conte, Paolo Chiodini, Domenico Santoro, Vincenzo Calabrese, Domenico Giannese, Carlo Garofalo, Michele Provenzano, Luca Apicella, Giorgina Barbara Piccoli, Massimo Torreggiani, Biagio Di Iorio declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Use of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Inhibitors at baseline (light blue) and at 12-month visit (dark blue) in the whole cohort and in each HK subgroup (see text for definition of subgroups). * p < 0.05 vs. baseline.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Anti-hyperkalemic therapy at baseline (light blue) and month-12 visit (dark blue): non-K sparing diuretics (panel A), K-binders (panel B), bicarbonate supplements (panel C), and at least one of the three drugs (panel D) in the whole cohort and in each HK subgroup (see text for definition and size of subgroups). * p < 0.05 vs. baseline.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Treatment-by-time interaction between serum potassium levels in patients treated and not treated with bicarbonate supplements (left) and potassium-binders (right). * p < 0.05 vs. baseline.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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