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. 2021 Mar 29;11(4):953.
doi: 10.3390/ani11040953.

Effects of Desiccation on Metamorphic Climax in Bombina variegata: Changes in Levels and Patterns of Oxidative Stress Parameters

Tamara G Petrović  1 , Ana Kijanović  2 , Nataša Kolarov Tomašević  2 , Jelena P Gavrić  1 , Svetlana G Despotović  1 , Branka R Gavrilović  1 , Tijana B Radovanović  1 , Tanja Vukov  2 , Caterina Faggio  3 , Marko D Prokić  1
Affiliations

Effects of Desiccation on Metamorphic Climax in Bombina variegata: Changes in Levels and Patterns of Oxidative Stress Parameters

Tamara G Petrović et al. Animals (Basel). .

Abstract

In this paper, we examined how the oxidative status (antioxidant system and oxidative damage) of Bombina variegata larvae changed during the metamorphic climax (Gosner stages: 42-beginning, 44-middle and 46-end) and compared the patterns and levels of oxidative stress parameters between individuals developing under constant water availability (control) and those developing under decreasing water availability (desiccation group). Our results revealed that larvae developing under decreasing water availability exhibited increased oxidative damage in the middle and end stages. This was followed by lower levels of glutathione in stages 44 and 46, as well as lower values of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and sulfhydryl groups in stage 46 (all in relation to control animals). Comparison between stages 42, 44 and 46 within treatments showed that individuals in the last stage demonstrated the highest intensities of lipid oxidative damage in both the control and desiccation groups. As for the parameters of the antioxidant system, control individuals displayed greater variety in response to changes induced by metamorphic climax than individuals exposed to desiccation treatment. The overall decrease in water availability during development led to increased oxidative stress and modifications in the pattern of AOS response to changes induced by metamorphic climax in larvae of B. variegata.

Keywords: amphibian larvae; antioxidant system; metamorphosis; oxidative damage; pond drying; yellow-bellied toad.

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Conflict of interest statement

The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results. The contents of the manuscript have not been published previously, nor have they been submitted elsewhere for consideration, nor are they in press. All of the authors have seen and approved the manuscript. There are no competing interests and no conflicting financial, personal or other relationships with other persons or organizations.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Experimental design.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Antioxidant parameters (A)—superoxide dismutase (SOD); (B)—catalase (CAT); (C)—glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px); and (D)—glutathione-S-transferase (GST)) in individuals from groups exposed to decreasing water availability (desiccation) and the control group, maintained at an unchanging water level (control) during metamorphic climax (Gosner stages 42, 44 and 46). * indicates significant differences between treatments (desiccation vs. control); different letters indicate significant differences between stages under each treatment (lower letters for desiccation, capital letters for the control).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Oxidative stress parameters (A)—glutathione (GSH); (B)—glutathione reductase (GR); (C)—sulfhydryl (SH) groups; and (D)—lipid peroxide (LPO)) in individuals from groups exposed to decreasing water availability (desiccation) and a control group maintained at an unchanging water level during metamorphic climax (Gosner stages 42, 44 and 46).* indicates significant differences between treatments (desiccation vs. control); different letters indicate significant differences between stages under each treatment (lower letters for desiccation, capital letters for the control).
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