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. 2021 Mar 13;11(3):205.
doi: 10.3390/jpm11030205.

Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Soft Tissue Malar Modifications after Zygomatic Valgization Osteotomy via Geometrical Descriptors

Elena Carlotta Olivetti  1 , Federica Marcolin  1 , Sandro Moos  1 , Alberto Ferrando  1 , Enrico Vezzetti  1 , Umberto Autorino  2 , Claudia Borbon  2 , Emanuele Zavattero  2 , Giovanni Gerbino  2 , Guglielmo Ramieri  2
Affiliations

Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Soft Tissue Malar Modifications after Zygomatic Valgization Osteotomy via Geometrical Descriptors

Elena Carlotta Olivetti et al. J Pers Med. .

Abstract

Patients with severe facial deformities present serious dysfunctionalities along with an unsatisfactory aesthetic facial appearance. Several methods have been proposed to specifically plan the interventions on the patient's needs, but none of these seem to achieve a sufficient level of accuracy in predicting the resulting facial appearance. In this context, a deep knowledge of what occurs in the face after bony movements in specific surgeries would give the possibility to develop more reliable systems. This study aims to propose a novel 3D approach for the evaluation of soft tissue zygomatic modifications after zygomatic osteotomy; geometrical descriptors usually involved in face analysis tasks, i.e., face recognition and facial expression recognition, are here applied to soft tissue malar region to detect changes in surface shape. As ground truth for zygomatic changes, a zygomatic openness angular measure is adopted. The results show a high sensibility of geometrical descriptors in detecting shape modification of the facial surface, outperforming the results obtained from the angular evaluation.

Keywords: 3D face analysis; geometrical descriptors; malar augmentation; orthognathic surgery; soft tissue prediction; zygomatic osteotomy.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Overview of the experimental methodology; surgical stage is not included (CBCT: cone beam computed tomography).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Example of the grid square surface computed from the triangular mesh.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Rectangular facial subregion centered in the zygion.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a) Depth map of the post-operative of one of the involved patients. (b) Sfond1 computed on the same depth map. (c) arctanF computed on the same depth map. (d) Fden2 computed on the same depth map.
Figure 5
Figure 5
arctanF and Fden2 mapped on the pre- and on the post-operative depth maps of a patient underwent zygomatic valgization. In detail, (a) arctanF mapped on the pre-operative facial depth map, (b) arctanF mapped on the post-operative facial depth map, (c) Fden2 mapped on the pre-operative facial depth map, and (d) Fden2 mapped on the post-operative facial depth map.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Sfond1 mapped on the pre- (left) and on the post-operative (right) depth maps of a patient underwent zygomatic valgization.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Pleft and Pright located accordingly to the coordinates of nasion, zygion, and tragion.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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