Perception of Risk, Self-Efficacy and Social Trust during the Diffusion of Covid-19 in Italy

Abstract

The Coronavirus pandemic has affected the lives of people all over the world. The perception of risk and people's consequent behaviour during a pandemic are very complex and are affected by multiple cultural and psychological factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the change in risk perception, perceived self-efficacy and the perceived trust in the behaviour of others, the decisions of health authorities and government provisions, as well as the variation of self-restraint behaviours during the spread of the Covid-19 epidemic in Italy. We used a convenience sample of 707 university students (M_age = 22.99; SD = 4.01) from a central area of Italy. Participants freely joined the research by answering an online questionnaire between February and March 2020. Three time intervals defined by the progressive containment measures implemented by the Italian Government were considered. Main outcome measures were the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, the Risk Perception Index, the Index of Self-restraint Behaviours, and Institutional and Interpersonal Trust Measures. Results confirmed that significant changes in the time progression have occurred in the perception of risk, in the perception of individual self-efficacy, in the value attributed to social responsibility, in interpersonal trust and in trust in health authorities. The study also identified the participants' personality traits and locus of control as predictors (positive and negative) of perceived self-efficacy and tested a mediation model of trust on the effect of risk perception on self-restraint intentions.

Keywords: Covid-19; institutional trust; interpersonal trust; locus of control; risk perception; self-efficacy; self-restraint behaviour; social distancing; traits.

Figure 1

The mediating effect of trust in the relationship between risk perception and self-restraint intentions. Notes: ^# p < 0.0001; ** p < 0.001; all presented effects are standardized; a is effect of Risk Perceptions on Trust; b is effect of Trust on Self-Restraint Intentions; c’ is direct effect of Risk Perceptions on Self-Restraint Intentions, c is total effect of Risk Perceptions on Self-Restraint Intentions.