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. 2021 Mar 23;22(6):3270.
doi: 10.3390/ijms22063270.

Chemically and Green Synthesized ZnO Nanoparticles Alter Key Immunological Molecules in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Skin Mucus

Ghasem Rashidian  1 , Carlo C Lazado  2 , Heba H Mahboub  3 , Ramin Mohammadi-Aloucheh  4 , Marko D Prokić  5 , Hend S Nada  6 , Caterina Faggio  7
Affiliations

Chemically and Green Synthesized ZnO Nanoparticles Alter Key Immunological Molecules in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Skin Mucus

Ghasem Rashidian et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

This study was conducted to compare the effects of commercially available (C) and green synthesized (GS) Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on immunological responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) skin mucus. GS ZnO-NPs were generated using Thymus pubescent and characterized by UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Fish (n = 150) were randomly allocated into five groups in triplicate and received a waterborne concentration of 0% (control), 25%, and 50% of LC50 96 h of commercially available (C1 and C2) and green synthesized ZnO-NPs (GS1 and GS2) for 21 days. Results from XRD displayed ZnO-NPs with 58 nm in size and UV-vis DRS, EDX, and FT-IR analysis showed that some functional groups from plant extract bonded to the surface of NPs. The SEM images showed that ZnO-NPs have conical morphology. Acute toxicity study showed a higher dose of LC5096h for green synthesized ZnO-NPs (78.9 mg.L-1) compared to the commercial source (59.95 mg.L-1). The highest activity of lysozyme and alternative complement activity (ACH50) were found in control and GS1 groups. A significant decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) was found in C1 and C2 groups compared to other treatments. Protease activity (P) was significantly decreased in the C2 group compared to the control and GS groups. Total immunoglobulin (total Ig) content was the highest in the control. In addition, total Ig in the GS1 group was higher than GS2. The exposure to ZnO-NPs lowered total protein content in all experimental groups when compared to control. Present findings revealed lower induced immunosuppressive effects by green synthesized ZnO-NPs on key parameters of fish skin mucus.

Keywords: common carp; green synthesis; mucosal immunity; nanoparticles; nanotoxicology; skin mucus.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns of commercial (C) and green synthesized (GS) ZnO-NPs.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) spectra of commercial (C) and green synthesized (GS) ZnO-NPs.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of green synthesized ZnO-NPs.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of Thymus pubescent extract, commercial (C) and green synthesized (GS) ZnO-NPs.
Figure 5
Figure 5
UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) spectra of commercial (C) and green synthesized (GS) ZnO-NPs.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The cumulative mortality of common carp exposed to different levels of commercial and green synthesized ZnO-NPs for 96 h (30 fish for each concentration).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Correspondence analysis ordination plot and position of the five analyzed groups (control, GS1, GS2, C1, and C2) to the analyzed immune parameters.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Fabrication scheme of ZnO-NPs from Zinc nitrate using leaf extract of plant Thymus pubescens.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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