Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2021 Mar 31;21(7):2408.
doi: 10.3390/s21072408.

Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio: Recent Advances and Future Challenge

Abbass Nasser  1   2 , Hussein Al Haj Hassan  3 , Jad Abou Chaaya  4 , Ali Mansour  1 , Koffi-Clément Yao  5
Affiliations
Review

Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio: Recent Advances and Future Challenge

Abbass Nasser et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

Spectrum Sensing (SS) plays an essential role in Cognitive Radio (CR) networks to diagnose the availability of frequency resources. In this paper, we aim to provide an in-depth survey on the most recent advances in SS for CR. We start by explaining the Half-Duplex and Full-Duplex paradigms, while focusing on the operating modes in the Full-Duplex. A thorough discussion of Full-Duplex operation modes from collision and throughput points of view is presented. Then, we discuss the use of learning techniques in enhancing the SS performance considering both local and cooperative sensing scenarios. In addition, recent SS applications for CR-based Internet of Things and Wireless Sensors Networks are presented. Furthermore, we survey the latest achievements in Spectrum Sensing as a Service, where the Internet of Things or the Wireless Sensor Networks may play an essential role in providing the CR network with the SS data. We also discuss the utilisation of CR for the 5th Generation and Beyond and its possible role in frequency allocation. With the advancement of telecommunication technologies, additional features should be ensured by SS such as the ability to explore different available channels and free space for transmission. As such, we highlight important future research axes and challenging points in SS for CR based on the current and emerging techniques in wireless communications.

Keywords: 5G; B5G; Interference Sensing; channel sensing; cognitive radio; full-duplex; half-duplex; internet of things; machine learning; spectrum sensing; wireless sensor network.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Cognitive Radio (CR) access paradigms.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The two main functioning modes of SU activity. Listen-before-Talk (LBT): SU remains silent during the sensing period and no sensing is performed during the transmission. Listen and Talk (LAT): sensing and transmission are made concurrently.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Spectrum Sensing processes under LBT and LAT. For LBT, no Self-Interference Cancellation (SIC) module is required since there is no simultaneous Transmit-Sense (TS), and the Test Statistic may be directly applied to the received signal. By contrast, SIC is applied before evaluating the Test Statistic in LBT to reduce the effect of SI on the Spectrum Sensing (SS) performance.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The communication mechanism in asynchronous Transmit-Receive (TR) mode. A delay of Ts is made in order to reduce the collision time between the secondary and the primary transmissions.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Spatial Dimension of CR application: SU is able to exploit the spatial dimension by transmitting in a non-overlapping direction with the PU transmission. Here, SU should be able to estimate/know the PU beam in order to avoid the interference.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Mitola J., Maguire G.Q. Cognitive radio: Making software radios more personal. IEEE Pers. Commun. 1999;6:13–18. doi: 10.1109/98.788210. - DOI
    1. Mitola J. Software radio architecture: a mathematical perspective. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 1999;17:514–538. doi: 10.1109/49.761033. - DOI
    1. Force S. Spectrum Policy Task Force Report. Federal Communication Commission; Washington, DC, USA: 2002.
    1. Wyglinski M., Nekovee M., Hou Y. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks, Principles and Practice. Elsevier; Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 2010.
    1. Mansour A., Mesleh R., Abaza M. New challenges in wireless and free space optical communications. Opt. Lasers Eng. 2017;89:95–108. doi: 10.1016/j.optlaseng.2016.03.027. - DOI