Secondary Metabolites of the Genus Amycolatopsis: Structures, Bioactivities and Biosynthesis

Abstract

Actinomycetes are regarded as important sources for the generation of various bioactive secondary metabolites with rich chemical and bioactive diversities. Amycolatopsis falls under the rare actinomycete genus with the potential to produce antibiotics. In this review, all literatures were searched in the Web of Science, Google Scholar and PubMed up to March 2021. The keywords used in the search strategy were "Amycolatopsis", "secondary metabolite", "new or novel compound", "bioactivity", "biosynthetic pathway" and "derivatives". The objective in this review is to summarize the chemical structures and biological activities of secondary metabolites from the genus Amycolatopsis. A total of 159 compounds derived from 8 known and 18 unidentified species are summarized in this paper. These secondary metabolites are mainly categorized into polyphenols, linear polyketides, macrolides, macrolactams, thiazolyl peptides, cyclic peptides, glycopeptides, amide and amino derivatives, glycoside derivatives, enediyne derivatives and sesquiterpenes. Meanwhile, they mainly showed unique antimicrobial, anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-hyperglycemic, and enzyme inhibition activities. In addition, the biosynthetic pathways of several potent bioactive compounds and derivatives are included and the prospect of the chemical substances obtained from Amycolatopsis is also discussed to provide ideas for their implementation in the field of therapeutics and drug discovery.

Keywords: Actinomycetes; Amycolatopsis; antibiotics; biological activities; biosynthetic pathways; chemical structures; natural products.

Figure 1

Structures of polyphenols (1–41) from Amycolatopsis.

Figure 2

Structures of linear polyketides (42–48) and macrolides (49–58) from Amycolatopsis.

Figure 3

Structures of macrolactams (59–79) from Amycolatopsis.

Figure 4

Structures of thiazolyl peptides (80–97) and cyclic peptides (98–105) from Amycolatopsis.

Figure 5

Structures of glycopeptides (106–118) from Amycolatopsis.

Figure 6

Structures of amide derivatives (119–146) from Amycolatopsis.

Figure 7

Structures of glycoside derivatives (147–155), enediyne derivatives (156–157) and sesquiterpenes (158–159) from Amycolatopsis.

Figure 8

(A) The gene clusters of amexanthomycins A–J. (B) The biosynthetic pathway of amexanthomycins A–J [14].

Figure 9

The biosynthetic pathway of ECO-0501 (47) [24].

Figure 10

The biosynthetic pathway of rifamorpholines A–E [29].

Figure 11

The biosynthetic pathway of A-102395 [84].

Figure 12

The biosynthetic pathway of amycolamycins A and B [55].

Figure 13

The chemical synthesis pathway of DHM2EQ [85].

Figure 14

The semi-synthesis pathway of 24-desmethylrifampicin [86,87].

Figure 15

The biosynthesis pathway of CDCHD [88,89].