Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2021 Jun;77(6):2127-2137.
doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16651. Epub 2021 Apr 5.

Spot Urine Formulas to Estimate 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion Alter the Dietary Sodium and Blood Pressure Relationship

Abu Mohd Naser  1   2 , Feng J He  3 , Mahbubur Rahman  4 , Norm R C Campbell  5
Affiliations

Spot Urine Formulas to Estimate 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion Alter the Dietary Sodium and Blood Pressure Relationship

Abu Mohd Naser et al. Hypertension. 2021 Jun.

Abstract

[Figure: see text].

Keywords: blood pressure; creatinine; minerals; potassium; sodium.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Bland-Altman plot comparing 24-h urinary sodium excretion estimated using the 3 spot urine formulas and directly measured in the 24-h urinary collections. The difference indicates difference between each formula-estimated 24-h urine sodium and measured 24-h sodium. Mean indicates mean of each formula-estimated 24-h urine sodium and measured 24-h sodium.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Restricted cubic spline plots and 95% CI (dotted lines) for sodium (Na) excretion and blood pressure relationship using different methods of estimating urinary Na excretion. Only 24-h urines with self-reported missing voids were excluded. Models were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, physical activity, sleep, alcohol consumption, religion, and household wealth. Vertical dotted blue lines indicate 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile distribution of urine Na excretion. DBP indicates diastolic blood pressure; and SBP, systolic blood pressure.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Restricted cubic spline plots and 95% CI (dotted lines) for formula-estimated 24-h sodium (Na) excretion and blood pressure relationship, when constant urinary Na was used in formula. Only 24-h urines with self-reported missing voids were excluded. Models were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, physical activity, sleep, alcohol consumption, religion, and household wealth. Vertical dotted blue lines indicate 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile distribution of urine Na excretion. DBP indicates diastolic blood pressure; Ref, reference category/quartile; and SBP, systolic blood pressure.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

References

    1. Bundy JD, Li C, Stuchlik P, Bu X, Kelly TN, Mills KT, He H, Chen J, Whelton PK, He J. Systolic blood pressure reduction and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:775–781. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2017.1421 - PMC - PubMed
    1. He FJ, Tan M, Ma Y, MacGregor GA. Salt reduction to prevent hypertension and cardiovascular disease: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75:632–647. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.055 - PubMed
    1. Cogswell ME, Mugavero K, Bowman BA, Frieden TR. Dietary sodium and cardiovascular disease risk–measurement matters. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:580–586. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsb1607161 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tan M, He FJ, MacGregor GA. Salt and cardiovascular disease in PURE: a large sample size cannot make up for erroneous estimations. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2018;19:1470320318810015. doi: 10.1177/1470320318810015 - PMC - PubMed
    1. He FJ, MacGregor GA. Salt reduction lowers cardiovascular risk: meta-analysis of outcome trials. Lancet. 2011;378:380–382. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61174-4 - PubMed

Publication types