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. 2021 Mar;25(1):84-92.
doi: 10.5213/inj.2040398.149. Epub 2021 Mar 31.

Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Psychological Effects of Primary Nocturnal Enuresis in Chinese Young Adults

Hui Jie Hu  1 , Zhen Wei Zhang  2 , Yu Liang  3 , Yan Yan Luo  1 , Qi Feng Dou  3 , Cui Ping Song  3 , Hui Min Zhang  1 , Ying Zhao  1 , Guang Run Tian  3 , Ke Zhang  3 , Qiu Fang Mao  2 , Jing Gui Song  4 , Soren Rittig  5 , Jian Guo Wen  3   4   6
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Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Psychological Effects of Primary Nocturnal Enuresis in Chinese Young Adults

Hui Jie Hu et al. Int Neurourol J. 2021 Mar.

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and effects of primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) on physical and mental health in young adults in mainland China.

Methods: An anonymous questionnaire was used to collect information including the sociodemographic characteristics, history of PNE, family history, daytime voiding symptoms, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores, Self-Esteem Scale (SES), and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). A total of 22,500 university students from 23 provinces and 368 cities in mainland China were included.

Results: In total, 21,082 questionnaires were collected, and 20,345 of them qualified for statistical analysis. The PNE prevalence was 1.17%, and the distribution of monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE) and nonmonosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (NMNE) was 66.1% and 33.9%, respectively. In total, 28% of respondents with PNE reported bedwetting daily, 31.6% between 1 and 7 times weekly, and 40.4% between 1 and 4 times monthly; 80% of PNE cases had no history of treatment. The prevalence of PNE in patients with a family history, frequency, urgency, urinary incontinence, and recurrent urinary tract infections was significantly higher than in those without these conditions (P<0.001). PNE was significantly correlated with the PSQI total score (sleep quality) (P=0.011). The SES score was lower and the SDS was higher (P<0.001) in the PNE group than in those without PNE.

Conclusion: In mainland China, the PNE prevalence among young adults was found to be high, and PNE had significant effects on physical and mental health. Risk factors included a family history, daytime voiding symptoms, and lack of treatment.

Keywords: Mental health; Prevalence; Primary nocturnal enuresis; Risk factors; Young adults.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

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