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Review
. 2021 Mar 31;24(1):1-13.
doi: 10.3831/KPI.2021.24.1.1.

Biological and Therapeutic Effects of Troxerutin: Molecular Signaling Pathways Come into View

Zahra Ahmadi  1 , Reza Mohammadinejad  2 , Sahar Roomiani  1 , Elham Ghasemipour Afshar  3 , Milad Ashrafizadeh  4
Affiliations
Review

Biological and Therapeutic Effects of Troxerutin: Molecular Signaling Pathways Come into View

Zahra Ahmadi et al. J Pharmacopuncture. .

Abstract

Flavonoids consist a wide range of naturally occurring compounds which are exclusively found in different fruits and vegetables. These medicinal herbs have a number of favourable biological and therapeutic activities such as antioxidant, neuroprotective, renoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-tumor. Troxerutin, also known as vitamin P4, is a naturally occurring flavonoid which is isolated from tea, coffee and cereal grains as well as vegetables. It has a variety of valuable pharmacological and therapeutic activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-tumor. These pharmacological impacts have been demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo studies. Also, clinical trials have revealed the efficacy of troxerutin for management of phlebocholosis and hemorrhoidal diseases. In the present review, we focus on the therapeutic effects and biological activities of troxerutin as well as its molecular signaling pathways.

Keywords: biological activity; flavonoid; herbal medicine; therapeutic effect; troxerutin.

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Conflict of interest statement

CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The involvement signaling pathways in modulation of renoprotective effects of troxerutin. PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen; CFTR, cystic fibroblast transmembrane conductance regulator; CLC2, Chloride channel 2; NLRP3, Nod-like receptor subset inflammasome; CXCR4, C-X-C chemokine ligand 12 receptor 4; TXNIP, thioredoxin interaction protein; OX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; NOX2, NADPH oxidase 2; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2; ROS, reactive oxygen species; PARP, poly ADP ribose polymerase; NF-kB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The involvement signaling pathways in stimulation of anti-tumor activity of troxerutin. HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2; NF-kB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; STAT3, signal transducer and activation of transcription 3; Bcl-2, b-cell lymphoma 2.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The involvement signaling pathways in neuroprotective effect of troxerutin. PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; ERβ, esterogen receptor β; MDA, malondialdehyde; ROS, reactive oxygen species; GFAP, glial fibrillary acid protein; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; SIRT1, silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; INF-γ, interferon-γ.
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