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. 2021 Apr 10;4(4):CD013155.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013155.pub2.

Treatment for bleeding oesophageal varices in people with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta-analysis

Danielle Roberts  1 , Lawrence Mj Best  1   2 , Suzanne C Freeman  3 , Alex J Sutton  3 , Nicola J Cooper  3 , Sivapatham Arunan  4 , Tanjia Begum  5 , Norman R Williams  6 , Dana Walshaw  7 , Elisabeth Jane Milne  8 , Maxine Tapp  9 , Mario Csenar  1 , Chavdar S Pavlov  2 , Brian R Davidson  1 , Emmanuel Tsochatzis  10 , Kurinchi Selvan Gurusamy  1   2
Affiliations

Treatment for bleeding oesophageal varices in people with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta-analysis

Danielle Roberts et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Approximately 40% to 95% of people with liver cirrhosis have oesophageal varices. About 15% to 20% of oesophageal varices bleed within about one to three years after diagnosis. Several different treatments are available, including, among others, endoscopic sclerotherapy, variceal band ligation, somatostatin analogues, vasopressin analogues, and balloon tamponade. However, there is uncertainty surrounding the individual and relative benefits and harms of these treatments.

Objectives: To compare the benefits and harms of different initial treatments for variceal bleeding from oesophageal varices in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis, through a network meta-analysis; and to generate rankings of the different treatments for acute bleeding oesophageal varices, according to their benefits and harms.

Search methods: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, Science Citation Index Expanded, World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and trials registers until 17 December 2019, to identify randomised clinical trials (RCTs) in people with cirrhosis and acute bleeding from oesophageal varices.

Selection criteria: We included only RCTs (irrespective of language, blinding, or status) in adults with cirrhosis and acutely bleeding oesophageal varices. We excluded RCTs in which participants had bleeding only from gastric varices, those who failed previous treatment (refractory bleeding), those in whom initial haemostasis was achieved before inclusion into the trial, and those who had previously undergone liver transplantation.

Data collection and analysis: We performed a network meta-analysis with OpenBUGS software, using Bayesian methods, and calculated the differences in treatments using odds ratios (OR) and rate ratios with 95% credible intervals (CrI) based on an available-case analysis, according to National Institute of Health and Care Excellence Decision Support Unit guidance. We performed also the direct comparisons from RCTs using the same codes and the same technical details.

Main results: We included a total of 52 RCTs (4580 participants) in the review. Forty-eight trials (4042 participants) were included in one or more comparisons in the review. The trials that provided the information included people with cirrhosis due to varied aetiologies and those with and without a previous history of bleeding. We included outcomes assessed up to six weeks. All trials were at high risk of bias. A total of 19 interventions were compared in the trials (sclerotherapy, somatostatin analogues, vasopressin analogues, sclerotherapy plus somatostatin analogues, variceal band ligation, balloon tamponade, somatostatin analogues plus variceal band ligation, nitrates plus vasopressin analogues, no active intervention, sclerotherapy plus variceal band ligation, balloon tamponade plus sclerotherapy, balloon tamponade plus somatostatin analogues, balloon tamponade plus vasopressin analogues, variceal band ligation plus vasopressin analogues, balloon tamponade plus nitrates plus vasopressin analogues, balloon tamponade plus variceal band ligation, portocaval shunt, sclerotherapy plus transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), and sclerotherapy plus vasopressin analogues). We have reported the effect estimates for the primary and secondary outcomes when there was evidence of differences between the interventions against the reference treatment of sclerotherapy, but reported the other results of the primary and secondary outcomes versus the reference treatment of sclerotherapy without the effect estimates when there was no evidence of differences in order to provide a concise summary of the results. Overall, 15.8% of the trial participants who received the reference treatment of sclerotherapy (chosen because this was the commonest treatment compared in the trials) died during the follow-up periods, which ranged from three days to six weeks. Based on moderate-certainty evidence, somatostatin analogues alone had higher mortality than sclerotherapy (OR 1.57, 95% CrI 1.04 to 2.41; network estimate; direct comparison: 4 trials; 353 participants) and vasopressin analogues alone had higher mortality than sclerotherapy (OR 1.70, 95% CrI 1.13 to 2.62; network estimate; direct comparison: 2 trials; 438 participants). None of the trials reported health-related quality of life. Based on low-certainty evidence, a higher proportion of people receiving balloon tamponade plus sclerotherapy had more serious adverse events than those receiving only sclerotherapy (OR 4.23, 95% CrI 1.22 to 17.80; direct estimate; 1 RCT; 60 participants). Based on moderate-certainty evidence, people receiving vasopressin analogues alone and those receiving variceal band ligation had fewer adverse events than those receiving only sclerotherapy (rate ratio 0.59, 95% CrI 0.35 to 0.96; network estimate; direct comparison: 1 RCT; 219 participants; and rate ratio 0.40, 95% CrI 0.21 to 0.74; network estimate; direct comparison: 1 RCT; 77 participants; respectively). Based on low-certainty evidence, the proportion of people who developed symptomatic rebleed was smaller in people who received sclerotherapy plus somatostatin analogues than those receiving only sclerotherapy (OR 0.21, 95% CrI 0.03 to 0.94; direct estimate; 1 RCT; 105 participants). The evidence suggests considerable uncertainty about the effect of the interventions in the remaining comparisons where sclerotherapy was the control intervention.

Authors' conclusions: Based on moderate-certainty evidence, somatostatin analogues alone and vasopressin analogues alone (with supportive therapy) probably result in increased mortality, compared to endoscopic sclerotherapy. Based on moderate-certainty evidence, vasopressin analogues alone and band ligation alone probably result in fewer adverse events compared to endoscopic sclerotherapy. Based on low-certainty evidence, balloon tamponade plus sclerotherapy may result in large increases in serious adverse events compared to sclerotherapy. Based on low-certainty evidence, sclerotherapy plus somatostatin analogues may result in large decreases in symptomatic rebleed compared to sclerotherapy. In the remaining comparisons, the evidence indicates considerable uncertainty about the effects of the interventions, compared to sclerotherapy.

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Conflict of interest statement

None known for any of the authors.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram 
Date of last search 17 December 2019
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
4
4
Network plots: A high resolution version of this image can be found here. The network plots showing the outcomes for which network meta‐analysis was performed. The size of the node (circle) provides a measure of the number of trials in which the particular Intervention was included as one of the intervention groups. The thickness of the line provides a measure of the number of direct comparisons between two nodes (Interventions). Abbreviations BT = Balloon tamponade
NoActiveIntervention = No active intervention
PC_shunt = Portocaval shunt
Sclero = Sclerotherapy
Somato = Somatostatin analogues
TIPS = Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
Vaso = Vasopressin analogues
VBL = Variceal band ligation
5
5
Inconsistency factor plots showing the inconsistency factors for the outcomes with direct and indirect evidence available for one or more comparisons. There was no evidence of inconsistency except for blood transfusion (amount) and length of hospital stay (where the confidence intervals of the inconsistency factor do not overlap 0). A higher resolution image of this picture is available here. Abbreviations BT = Balloon tamponade
PC_shunt = Portocaval shunt
Sclero = Sclerotherapy
Somato = Somatostatin analogues
TIPS = Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
Vaso = Vasopressin analogues
VBL = Variceal band ligation
6
6
Forest plots showing the outcomes for which the random‐effects model were different from the fixed‐effect model. The more conservative random‐effects model was used. A higher resolution image of this picture is available here. This is a temporary link and will be replaced with upload at zenodo.org once the review is finalised. Abbreviations BT = Balloon tamponade
PC_shunt = Portocaval shunt
Sclero = Sclerotherapy
Som = Somatostatin analogues
TIPS = Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
Vas = Vasopressin analogues
VBL = Variceal band ligation
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013155

References

References to studies included in this review

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Huang 1992 {published data only}
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    1. The Veterans Affairs Cooperatic Variceal Sclerotherapy Group. Sclerotherapy for male alcoholic cirrhotic patients who have bled from esophageal varices: results of a randomized, multicenter clinical trial. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 1994;20(3):618-25. - PubMed
Villanueva 1999 {published data only}
    1. Villanueva C, Ortiz J, Sabat M, Gallego A, Torras X, Soriano G, et al. Somatostatin alone or combined with emergency sclerotherapy in the treatment of acute esophageal variceal bleeding: a prospective randomized trial. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 1999;30(2):384-9. - PubMed
Villanueva 2006 {published data only}
    1. Villanueva C, Piqueras M, Aracil C, Gomez C, Lopez-Balaguer JM, Gonzalez B, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing ligation and sclerotherapy as emergency endoscopic treatment added to somatostatin in acute variceal bleeding. Journal of Hepatology 2006;45(4):560-7. - PubMed
Yousuf 2000 {published data only}
    1. Yousuf MH, Rauf HA, Baig MI, Akram M, Rizwan Z. Initial management of acute variceal haemorrhage - comparison of octreotide and sclerotherapy. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan 2000;10(3):95-7.

References to studies excluded from this review

Abd‐Elsalam 2018 {published data only}
    1. Abd-Elsalam S, El-Kalla F, Kobtan A, Elhendawy M, Badawi R, Mansour L. Randomized controlled trial of scleroligation versus band ligation for eradication of gastroesophageal varices response. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2018;87(3):904-5. - PubMed
ACTRN12611000049976 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12611000049976. A prospective randomized trial comparing endoscopic LDRf and conventional type (Japanese taxonomy) for endoscopic therapeutic esophagus variceal [A prospective randomized trial comparing survival between endoscopic LDRf and conventional type (Japanese taxonomy) for endoscopic therapeutic esophagus variceal]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12611000049976 (submitted 19 November 2010).
Adarsh 2011 {published data only}
    1. Adarsh CK, Prasanna KS, Devarbhavi H, Karanth D, Patil M, Balaraju G, et al. Comparative study of terlipressin, somatostatin and octreotide in acute esophageal variceal bleed: a prospective randomised study. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 2011;54:459A.
Adson 1984 {published data only}
    1. Adson MA, Heerden JA, Ilstrup DM. The distal splenorenal shunt. Archives of Surgery 1984;119(5):609-14. - PubMed
Afdhal 2010 {published data only}
    1. Afdhal NH, Curry MP. Early TIPS to improve survival in acute variceal bleeding. New England Journal of Medicine 2010;362(25):2421-2. - PubMed
Akriviadis 1989 {published data only}
    1. Akriviadis E, Korula J, Gupta S, Ko Y, Yamada S. Frequent endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy increases risk of complications. Prospective randomized controlled study of two treatment schedules. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 1989;34(7):1068-74. - PubMed
Alexandrino 1990 {published data only}
    1. Alexandrino P, Alves M M, Fidalgo P, Matos L, Esteves A V, Veloso J, et al. Is sclerotherapy the first choice treatment for active oesophageal variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients? Final report of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Hepatology 1990;11(Suppl 2):S1.
Altman 1993 {published data only}
    1. Altman D G. Octreotide infusion versus injection sclerotherapy. Lancet 1993;342(8885):1486. - PubMed
Al Traif 1999 {published data only}
    1. Al Traif I, Fachartz FS, Al Jumah A, Al Johani M, Al Omair A, Al Bakr F, et al. Randomized trial of ligation versus combined ligation and sclerotherapy for bleeding esophageal varices. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 1999;50(1):1-6. - PubMed
    1. Altraif I, Sbeih F, Al Knawy B, Johani M, Al Omair A, Khan MH. Randomized trial of variceal ligation (L) vs ligation & low volume sclerotherapy (L + LVST) for bleeding esophageal varices: preliminary analysis. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 1996;24(4 Pt 2):477a.
    1. Altraif L, Sbeih F, Al Johani M, Al Omair A, Al Bakr A, Al Knawy A, et al. Randomized trial of ligation vs combined ligation and sclerotherapy (ST) for bleeding esophageal varices. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 1997;26(4 Pt 2):471a.
Altraif 2011 {published data only}
    1. Altraif I, Handoo FA, Aljumah A, Alalwan A, Dafalla M, Saeed AM, et al. Effect of erythromycin before endoscopy in patients presenting with variceal bleeding: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2011;73(2):245-50. - PubMed
Am. Soc. Gastro. Endo. 1998 {published data only}
    1. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. The role of endoscopic therapy in the management of variceal hemorrhage. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 1998;48(6):697-8. - PubMed
Anonymous 1996 {published data only}
    1. Somatostatin in the control of early rebleeding after sclerotherapy for acute bleeding from oesophageal varices: a multicentre, double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study. (not published) 1996.
Arcidiacono 1992 {published data only}
    1. Arcidiacono R, Biraghi M, Bonomo G M, Fiaccadori F. Randomized controlled trial with terlipressin in cirrhotic patients with bleeding esophageal varices: effects on precocious rebleeding and mortality rate. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental 1992;52(1):186-95.
Armengol 1992 {published data only}
    1. Armengol M, Oller B, Planas R, Boix J, Canet J, Rodríguez N, et al. Treatment of bleeding esophageal-gastric varices. A randomized prospective study of somatostatin versus endoscopic sclerosis. Cirugía Española 1992;1:1.
Avgerinos 1997 {published data only}
    1. Avgerinos A, Nevens F, Raptis S, Fevery J, Adler M, Arnomic A, et al. Early administration of natural somatostatin (s) increases the efficacy of sclerotherapy (es) in acute bleeding oesophageal variceal episodes: the European ABOVE Study. Gut 1996;39(Suppl 3):A1.
    1. Avgerinos A, Nevens F, Raptis S, Fevery J, the ABOVE Study Group. Early administration of natural somatostatin (S) increases the efficacy of sclerotherapy (ES) in acute bleeding oesophageal variceal episodes: the European ABOVE Study. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 1996;24(4 Pt 2):191A.
    1. Avgerinos A, Nevens F, Raptis S, Fevery J. Early administration of somatostatin and efficacy of sclerotherapy in acute oesophageal variceal bleeds: the European Acute Bleeding Oesophageal Variceal Episodes (ABOVE) randomised trial. Lancet 1997;350(9090):1495-9. - PubMed
    1. Avgerinos A. Early administration of somatostatin and efficacy of sclerotherapy in acute oesophageal variceal bleeds: the European Acute Bleeding Oesophageal Variceal Episodes (ABOVE) randomised trial - response. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2000;51(3):374-5. - PubMed
Azam 2012 {published data only}
    1. Azam Z, Hamid S, Jafri W, Salih M, Abbas Z, Abid S, et al. Short course adjuvant terlipressin in acute variceal bleeding: a randomized double blind dummy controlled trial. Journal of Hepatology 2012;56(4):819-24. - PubMed
Bagarani 1987 {published data only}
    1. Bagarani M, Albertini V, Anzà M, Barlattani A, Bracci F, Cucchiara G, et al. Effect of somatostatin in controlling bleeding from esophageal varices. Italian Journal of Surgical Sciences 1987;17(1):21-6. - PubMed
Balatsos 1997 {published data only}
    1. Balatsos V, Delis V, Germanopoulos A, Konstandinidis A, Pantes A, Skandalis N. Endoscopic ligation plus sclerotherapy vs ligation alone for esophageal variceal bleeding. Endoscopy 1997;29(Suppl 7):E44.
Bambha 2008 {published data only}
    1. Bambha K, Kim WR, Pedersen R, Bida JP, Kremers WK, Kamath PS. Predictors of early re-bleeding and mortality after acute variceal haemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis. Gut 2008;57(6):814-20. - PubMed
Barsoum 1982 {published data only}
    1. Barsoum MS, Bolous FI, El-Rooby AA, Rizk-Allah MA, Ibrahim AS. Tamponade and injection sclerotherapy in the management of bleeding oesophageal varices. British Journal of Surgery 1982;69(2):76-8. - PubMed
Becker 1995 {published data only}
    1. Becker U, Gøtzsche PC, Gjørup I, Bonnen H, Brahe NE, Burcharth F. Somatostatin vs placebo in bleeding oesophageal varices. A randomized trial. Journal of Hepatology 1995;23(Suppl 1):S200.
Berardi 1974 {published data only}
    1. Berardi RS. Vascular complications of superior mesenteric artery infusion with pitressin in treatment of bleeding esophageal varices. American Journal of Surgery 1974;127(6):757-61. - PubMed
Bernard 1994 {published data only}
    1. Bernard B, Valla D. Efficacy and mode of action of vasopressin in the treatment of acute variceal hemorrhage. Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique 1994;18(8-9):751-60. - PubMed
Bhuiyan 2007 {published data only}
    1. Bhuiyan MM, Rahman MM, Kibria MG, Hasan M. Comparative study of endoscopic band ligation and sclerotherapy for treatment of oesophageal varices in cirrhotic patients. Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 2007;33(1):31-9. - PubMed
Biggs 1976 {published data only}
    1. Biggs JC, Hugh TB, Dodds AJ. Tranexamic acid and upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage - a double-blind trial. Gut 1976;17(9):729-34. - PMC - PubMed
Blaise 1994 {published data only}
    1. Blaise M, Pateron D, Trinchet JC, Levacher S, Beaugrand M, Pourriat JL. Systemic antibiotic therapy prevents bacterial infection in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 1994;20(1 Pt 1):34-8. - PubMed
Blanc 1994 {published data only}
    1. Blanc P, Bories JM, Desprez D, Pageaux GP, David XR, Diaz D, et al. Balloon tamponade with Linton-Michel tube vs terlipressin in the treatment of acute esophageal and gastric variceal bleeding: results of randomized controlled trial. Journal of Hepatology 1994;21(Suppl 1):S133.
    1. Bories JM, Blanc P, Desprez D, Pageaux GP, David XR, Diaz D, et al. Ballon tamponade with Linton-Nachlas tube vs terlipressin in the treatment of acute esophageal and gastric variceal bleeding - results of randomised controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1994;106(4):A868.
Bobadilla‐Diaz 2002 {published data only}
    1. Bobadilla-Diaz J, Castro-Narro GI, Caza-Chavez E, Ibarra-Palomino J, Sanchez-Cortes E, Gonzalez-Huezo S, et al. Prospective study of endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) plus endoscopic sclerotherapy vs evl alone for the treatment of esophageal varices. Journal of Hepatology 2002;36(Suppl 1):198.
Bockel 1981 {published data only}
    1. Bockel R, Doffoel M. Whole-gut irrigation with mannitol in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. Changes in blood ammonia and aminoacids levels. Nouvelle Presse Medicale 1981;10(1):33-6. - PubMed
Bonniere 1987 {published data only}
    1. Bonniere P, Colombel JF, Delette O, Chastanet P, Lhermine C, Godchaux JM, et al. Endoscopic sclerosis and trans-hepatic embolization in the treatment of esophageal variceal rupture of stage-C cirrhotics using the Child method - preliminary results of a randomised test. Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique 1987;11(2):A172.
Bosch 1989 {published data only}
    1. Bosch J, Groszmann RJ, Garcia-Pagan JC, Teres J, Garcia-Tsao G, Navasa M, et al. Association of transdermal nitroglycerin to vasopressin infusion in the treatment of variceal hemorrhage: a placebo-controlled clinical trial. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 1989;10(6):962-8. - PubMed
Bosch 2004 {published data only}
    1. Bosch J, Thabut D, Bendtsen F, D'Amico G, Albillos A, Abraldes JG, et al. Recombinant factor VIIa for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized, double-blind trial. Gastroenterology 2004;127(4):1123-30. - PubMed
Bruha 2000 {published data only}
    1. Bruha R, Marecek Z, Spicak J, Hulek P, Lata J, Petrtyl J, et al. Double blind randomized, comparative multicenter study of the effect of Terlipressin in the treatment of acute oesophageal variceal and/or hypertensive gastropathy bleeding. Journal of Hepatology 2000;32:68. - PubMed
Brunswig 1973 {published data only}
    1. Brunswig D, Liehr H. Treatment of coagulopathies accompanying bleeding from esophageal varices [Zur behandlung von gerinnungsstorungen bei der osophagusvarizenblutung]. Leber Magen Darm 1973;3(6):249-52. - PubMed
Burroughs 1983 {published data only}
    1. Burroughs AK, Bass NM, Osborne D, Dick R, Hobbs K, Sherlock S. Randomised, controlled study of transhepatic obliteration of varices and oesophageal stapling transection in acute variceal haemorrhage. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 1982;2(1):151. - PubMed
    1. Burroughs AK, Bass NM, Osborne D, Dick R, Hobbs KF, Sherlock S. Randomised, controlled study of transhepatic obliteration of varices and oesophageal stapling transection in uncontrolled variceal haemorrhage. Liver 1983;3(2):122-8. - PubMed
Burroughs 1989 {published data only}
    1. Burroughs AK, D'Heygere F, Phillips A, Hobbs KE, McIntyre N. Prospective randomised trial of endoscopic sclerotherapy versus oesophageal staple transection for acute variceal bleeding single interim analysis. Gut 1986;27(10):A1266.
    1. Burroughs AK, D'Heygere F, Phillips A, Hobbs KE, McIntyre N. Prospective randomised trial of endoscopic sclerotherapy vs oesophageal staple transection for acute variceal bleeding Interim analysis. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 1986;6(5):1152.
    1. Burroughs AK, Hamilton G, Phillips A, Mezzanotte G, McIntyre N, Hobbs KE. A comparison of sclerotherapy with staple transection of the esophagus for the emergency control of bleeding from esophageal varices. New England Journal of Medicine 1989;321(13):857-62. - PubMed
    1. Burroughs AK, McCormick PA, Mexxanotte G, Hamilton G, Hobbs KE, Mcintyre N. Randomised trial of emergency endoscopic sclerotherapy versus oesophageal staple transection for acute variceal bleeding final report. Gut 1988;29(5):A739.
    1. Karatapanis S, McCormick PA, Philips A, Hobbs KE, McIntyre N, Burroughs AK. Long term follow-up of patients randomised to injection sclerotherapy or oesophageal staple transection as emergency treatment of variceal bleeding. Gut 1993;34(1):S23.
Burroughs 1998 {published data only}
    1. Burroughs AK. Treatment of variceal haemorrhage. Gut 1998;43:9-11. - PMC - PubMed
Cales 2001 {published data only}
    1. Cales P, Masliah C, Bernard B, Garnier PP, Silvain C, Szostak-Talbodec N, et al. Early administration of vapreotide for variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;344(1):23-8. - PubMed
    1. Cales P, Platt R. Survival benefit in patients with acute variceal bleeding and hemodynamic repercussions following early administration of vapreotide. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 2007;46(4 Suppl 1):577A.
Cardona 1989 {published data only}
    1. Cardona C, Vida F, Balanzó J, Cussó X, Farré A, Guarner C. Therapeutic efficaciousness of somatostatin versus vasopresin plus nitroglycerin in active esophageal and gastric variceal bleeding. Gastroenterología y Hepatología 1989;12(1):18-22.
Cello 1982 {published data only}
    1. Cello JP, Crass R, Trunkey DD. Endoscopic sclerotherapy versus esophageal transection of Child's class C patients with variceal hemorrhage. Comparison with results of portacaval shunt: preliminary report. Surgery 1982;91(3):333-8. - PubMed
    1. Cello JP, Crass RA, Trunkey DD. A randomized controlled trial of esophageal transection reanastamosis vs sclerotherapy for bleeding esophageal varices. Gastroenterology 1981;80(5 Pt 2):1121.
Chatterjee 2004 {published data only}
    1. Chatterjee S, Van Marck E. Can somatostatin control acute bleeding from oesophageal varices in Schistosoma mansoni patients? BMC Infectious Diseases 2004;4(1):58. - PMC - PubMed
Cheema 2004 {published data only}
    1. Cheema MA, Sohail D, Shafique M, Mehmood M, Asad A, Ahsan M, et al. Control of acute variceal hemorrhage a comparison of octereotide and baloon temponade. Biomedica 2004;20(1):22-7.
Chen 1996a {published data only}
    1. Chen CY, Chen CY, Chang TT, Lin XZ. Endoscopic ligation in acute esophageal variceal bleeding will exacerbate concomitant variceal bleeding? Endoscopy 1996;28:S48-9.
Chen 2001 {published data only}
    1. Chen WC, Hou MC, Lin HC, Lee FY, Yeh YY, Chang FY, et al. Feasibility and potential benefit of maintenance endoscopic variceal ligation in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage: a controlled trial. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2001;54(1):18-23. - PubMed
Chen 2018 {published data only}
    1. Chen PW, Wang HM. Randomized controlled trial of scleroligation versus band ligation for eradication of gastroesophageal varices. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2018;87(3):904. - PubMed
Cheng 2000 {published data only}
    1. Cheng P, Xu ZD, Liu YK. Effects of ciproflaoxain on treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding with octreotide. Chinese Journal of Clinical Hepatology 2000;16(4):244-5.
Cheng 2001 {published data only}
    1. Cheng YS, Pan S, Lien GS, Suk FM, Wu MS, Chen JN, et al. Adjuvant sclerotherapy after ligation for the treatment of esophageal varices: a prospective, randomized long-term study. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2001;53(6):566-71. - PubMed
Cheng 2009 {published data only}
    1. Cheng WF, Shi RH, Chen XX, Ding J. Effects of propranolol on rebleeding following endoscopic esophageal variceal ligation: a prospective, controlled trial. World Chinese Journal of Digestology 2009;17(1):83-5.
ChiCTR1800015012 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1800015012. Octreotide versus octreotide plus terlipressin in control of acute gastro-oesophageal variceal bleeding. www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=25489 (date of registration 28 February 2018).
ChiCTR1800020347 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1800020347. Laparoscopic splenectomy plus endoscopic variceal ligation for esophageal variceal hemorrhage in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension: a prospective randomized controlled study. www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=33987 (date of registration 25 December 2018).
ChiCTR1900021217 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1900021217. Secondary prevention strategy of cirrhosis with first episode of variceal bleeding while on NSBB. www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=35700 (date of registration 01 February 2019).
Chiu 1990 {published data only}
    1. Chiu KW, Sheen IS, Liaw YF. A controlled study of glypressin versus vasopressin in the control of bleeding from oesophageal varices. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 1990;5(5):549-53. - PubMed
Combier 1999 {published data only}
    1. Combier E, Levacher S, Letoumelin P, Joseph A, Pourriat JL, Pouvourville G. Cost-effectiveness analysis of the terlipressin-glycerin trinitrate combination in the pre-hospital management of acute gastro-intestinal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. Intensive Care Medicine 1999;25(4):364-70. - PubMed
Company 2001 {published data only}
    1. Company L, Palazón JM, Quillez C, Carnicer F, Pascual S, Such J, et al. Comparative study of two regimens of treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding from esophageal varices with somatostatin, associated with sclerotherapy. Gastroenterologia y Hepatologia 2001;24(2):102.
Company 2002 {published data only}
    1. Company L, Madaria E, Palazón JM, Sánchez J, Carnicer F, Pascual S, et al. Comparative study of two regimens of treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding from esophageal varices with somatostatin, associated with sclerotherapy. Gastroenterologia y Hepatologia 2002;25(1 Suppl 1):76-7.
Conn 1975 {published data only}
    1. Conn HO, Ramsby GR, Storer EH, Mutchnick MG, Joshi PH, Phillips MM, et al. Intraarterial vasopressin in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a prospective, controlled clinical trial. Gastroenterology 1975;68(2):211-21. - PubMed
Conn 1986 {published data only}
    1. Conn HO. Vasopressin and nitroglycerin in the treatment of bleeding varices: the bottom line. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 1986;6(3):523-5. - PubMed
Conn 1987 {published data only}
    1. Conn HO. Endoscopic sclerotherapy versus percutaneous transhepatic obliteration of varices: a conceptual approach. Gastroenterology 1987;93(6):1428-31. - PubMed
Conn 1993 {published data only}
    1. Conn HO. Sclerotherapy versus beta blockade: unanticipated anomalies of experimental design. Gastroenterology 1993;105(5):1575-7. - PubMed
Copenhagen Esophag. Varices Sclero. Proj. 1984 {published data only}
    1. The Copenhagen Esophageal Varices Sclerotherapy Project. Sclerotherapy after first variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. A randomized multicenter trial. New England Journal of Medicine 1984;311(25):1594-600. - PubMed
    1. Thomsen BL, Sorensen TI. Analysis of the treatment effect on recurrent bleeding and death in patients with cirrhosis and esophageal varices: multistage competing-risks model compared to conventional methods. Journal of Hepatology 1998;28(1):107-14. - PubMed
CTRI/2016/11/007483 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2016/11/007483. To compare two endoscopic methods available for eradication of esophageal varices, 1. endoscopic banding alone and 2. endoscopic banding followed by injection sclerotherapy in patients presenting with acute upper GI bleeding due to esophageal varices [Comparison of endoscopic variceal ligation with sequential endoscopic variceal ligation and sclerotherapy for secondary prophylaxis of variceal haemorrhage: a randomized trial]. www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=7042 (registered 24 November 2016).
D'Amico 1994 {published data only}
    1. D'Amico G, Traina M, Vizzini G, Tine F, Politi F, Montalbano L, et al. Terlipressin or vasopressin plus transdermal nitroglycerin in a treatment strategy for digestive bleeding in cirrhosis. A randomized clinical trial. Liver Study Group of V. Cervello Hospital. Journal of Hepatology 1994;20(2):206-12. - PubMed
De 2008 {published data only}
    1. De BK, Dutta D, Som R, Biswas PK, Pal SK, Biswas A. Hemodynamic effects of propranolol with spironolactone in patients with variceal bleeds: a randomized controlled trial. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008;14(12):1908-13. - PMC - PubMed
de Franchis 1993 {published data only}
    1. Franchis R, Arcidiacono PG, Carpinelli L, Andreoni B, Cestari L, Brunati S, et al. Randomized controlled trial of desmopressin plus terlipressin vs. terlipressin alone for the treatment of acute variceal hemorrhage in cirrhotic patients: a multicenter, double-blind study. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 1993;18(5):1102-7. - PubMed
Djurdjevic 1996 {published data only}
    1. Djurdjevic BD. Combination of ligation and sclerotherapy versus ligation alone in eradication of bleeding esophageal varices. In: United European Gastroenterology Week. 1996:1200.
Djurdjevic 1999 {published data only}
    1. Djurdjevic D, Janosevic S, Dapcevic B, Vukcevic V, Djordjevic D, Svorcan P, et al. Combined ligation and sclerotherapy versus ligation alone for eradication of bleeding esophageal varices: a randomized and prospective trial. Endoscopy 1999;31(4):286-90. - PubMed
Dobrucali 1998 {published data only}
    1. Dobrucali A, Bal K, Tuncer M, Ilkova F, Celik A, Uzunismail H, et al. Endoscopic banding ligation compared with sclerotherapy for the treatment of esophageal varices. Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology 1998;9(4):340-4.
Dong 2018 {published data only}
    1. Dong HD. Esophageal fibrosis formation in cirrhosis patients after eradication of esophageal varices by endoscopic band ligation. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2018;33(Suppl 4):154.
Dowidar 2005 {published data only}
    1. Dowidar N, Hafez A, Abdel Baki M. Endoscopic sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices due to hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. A randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of adjuvant propranolol therapy. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 2005;35(3):773-86. - PubMed
Dunne 2019 {published data only}
    1. Dunne P, Sinha R, Stanley A, Lachlan N, Ireland H, Shams A, et al. Use of early-tipss in patients with oesophageal variceal bleeding, a UK dual-centre randomised control trial. Gut 2019;68:A105-6.
Durdevic 1997 {published data only}
    1. Durdevic D, Golubovic G, Lukacevic S, Grgov S, Vukcevic V, Dordevic D. Combination of endoscopic ligation and low-volume sclerotherapy versus ligation alone in eradication of bleeding esophageal varices: a multicenter, prospective and randomized trial. Archives of Gastroenterohepatology 1997;16(3):73-6.
El Amin 2010 {published data only}
    1. El Amin H, Abdel Baky L, Sayed Z, Abdel Mohsen E, Eid K, Fouad Y, et al. A randomized trial of endoscopic variceal ligation versus cyanoacrylate injection for treatment of bleeding junctional varices. Tropical Gastroenterology 2010;31(4):279-84. - PubMed
El‐Khavat 1997 {published data only}
    1. El-Khavat HR, Omar MM, Moustafa I. Comparative evaluation of combined endoscopic variceal ligation together with low volume sclerotherapy versus ligation alone for bleeding esophageal varices. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 1997;26(4 Pt 2):138A.
El‐Newihi 1991 {published data only}
    1. El-Newihi H, Migicovsky B, Laine L. A prospective, randomized comparison of sclerotherapy and ligation for the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices. Gastroenterology 1991;100(Suppl 5):A59.
Elsebaey 2019 {published data only}
    1. Elsebaey MA, Tawfik MA, Ezzat S, Selim A, Elashry H, Abd-Elsalam S. Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy versus N-Butyl-2 Cyanoacrylate injection in the management of actively bleeding esophageal varices: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Gastroenterology 2019;19(1):23. - PMC - PubMed
El‐Zayadi 1988 {published data only}
    1. El-Zayadi A, El-Din SS, Kabil SM. Endoscopic sclerotherapy versus medical treatment for bleeding esophageal varices in patients with schistosomal liver disease. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 1988;34(4):314-7. - PubMed
El‐Zayadi 1998 {published data only}
    1. El-Zayadi A, El-Kabbany M, El-Nakeeb A, Shawky Sherine. A randomized controlled clinical trial of sclerotherapy versus combined band ligation plus sclerotherapy in patients with bleeding esophageal varices. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 1998;28(Suppl 4):657A.
Escorsell 2016 {published data only}
    1. Escorsell A, Cardenas A, Pavel O, Morillas RM, Albillos A, Llop E, et al. Self-expandable esophageal metal stent vs balloon tamponade in esophageal variceal bleeding refractory to medical and endoscopic treatment: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 2013;58(6):1386A-7A. - PubMed
    1. Escorsell A, Pavel O, Cardenas A, Morillas R, Llop E, Villanueva C, et al. Esophageal balloon tamponade versus esophageal stent in controlling acute refractory variceal bleeding: a multicenter randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 2016;63(6):1957-67. - PubMed
eudract2007‐002237‐37 {published data only}
    1. eudract2007-002237-37. Guided treatment according to hemodynamic response, for the prevention of rebleeding due to esophageal varices. Randomized controlled study, phase IV [Tratamiento guiado según respuesta hemodiámica, para la prevención de recidiva hemorrágica por varices esofágicas. Estudio controlado y aleatorizado, fase iv]. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=eudract_number:200... (start date 2 February 2008).
eudract2009‐016500‐24 {published data only}
    1. eudract2009-016500-24. Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the efficacy of the association of simvastatin with standard treatment in the prevention of bleeding recurrence in patients with liver cirrhosis and variceal bleeding [Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, doble-ciego, controlado con placebo, sobre la eficacia de la asociación de simvastatina al tratamiento estándar en la prevención de la recidiva hemorrágica en pacientes con cirrosis hepática y hemorragia por varices]. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=eudract_number:200... (start date 11 May 2010).
eudract2012‐000236‐26 {published data only}
    1. eudract2012-000236-26. An exploratory haemodynamic study in patients with compensated cirrhosis and portal hypertension. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=eudract_number:201... (start date 6 November 2012).
eudract2012‐002489‐11 {published data only}
    1. eudract2012-002489-11. An investigational study to assess the safety and efficacy of a new investigational drug in subjects with compensated liver cirrhosis secondary to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=eudract_number:201... (start date 26 February 2013).
eudract2014‐002300‐24 {published data only}
    1. eudract2014-002300-24. A trial to investigate whether giving albumin to patients with advanced liver cirrhosis will reverse immune suppression and improve outcome from infection. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=eudract_number:201... (start date 20 March 2015).
EVASP Study Group 1978 {published data only}
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Fakhry 1997 {published data only}
    1. Fakhry S, Omar M, Mustafa I, ElBeheiry N, Hunter S. Endoscopic sclerotherapy versus endoscopic variceal ligation in the management of bleeding esophageal varices: a final report of a prospective randomized study in schistisomal hepatic fibrosis. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 1997;26(4):33.
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Feu 1996 {published data only}
    1. Feu F, Ruiz del Arbol L, Bañares R, Planas R, Bosch J. Double-blind randomized controlled trial comparing terlipressin and somatostatin for acute variceal hemorrhage. Variceal Bleeding Study Group. Gastroenterology 1996;111(5):1291-9. - PubMed
Flati 1986 {published data only}
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Fleischer 1985 {published data only}
    1. Fleischer D. Endoscopic Nd:YAG laser therapy for active esophageal variceal bleeding. A randomized controlled study. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 1985;31(1):4-9. - PubMed
Fogel 1982 {published data only}
    1. Fogel MR, Knauer CM, Andres LL. Continuous intravenous vasopressin in active upper gastrointestinal bleeding. A placebo-controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 1982;96(5):565-9. - PubMed
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    1. Fort E. Haemodynamic effect of triglycyl-lysine vasopressin (glypressin) on intravascular oesophageal variceal pressure in patients with cirrhosis. A randomized placebo controlled trial. Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique 1990;14(11):898-9. - PubMed
Freeman 1982 {published data only}
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Garcia‐Compean 1997 {published data only}
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Garcia‐Pagan 2010 {published data only}
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Gilbert 1991 {published data only}
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Gong 1998 {published data only}
    1. Gong XH, Zuge CD. The effect of sandostatin used in small dose in treatment of hemorrhage of esophageal varicose. Journal of Practical Hepatology 1998;3(3):174-5.
Gong 2010 {published data only}
    1. Gong WD, Xue K, Chu YK, Wang Q, Yang W, Quan H, et al. Percutaneous transhepatic embolization of gastroesophageal varices combined with partial splenic embolization for variceal bleeding and hypersplenism: a comparison with surgery. Journal of Interventional Radiology 2010;19(2):105-9.
Gotzsche 1995 {published data only}
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Gralnek 1999 {published data only}
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Gupta 2016 {published data only}
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Hecketsweiler 1978 {published data only}
    1. Hecketsweiler P, Colin R, Ouvry D, Galmiche JP, Paillot B, Geffroy Y. Whole gut irrigation with isotonic mannitol solution in the treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding due to cirrhosis: a controlled study. Gastroentérologie Clinique et Biologique 1978;2(2):145-52. - PubMed
Henderson 2006 {published data only}
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Hosking 1988 {published data only}
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Hou 1995 {published data only}
    1. Hou MC, Lin HC, Kuo BI, Chen CH, Lee FY, Lee SD. Comparison of endoscopic variceal injection sclerotherapy and ligation for the treatment of esophageal variceal hemorrhage: a prospective randomized trial. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 1995;21(6):1517-22. - PubMed
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Hou 2001 {published data only}
    1. Hou MC, Chen WC, Lin HC, et al. A new "sandwich" method of combined endoscopic variceal ligation and sclerotherapy versus ligation alone in the treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding: a randomized trial. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 2000;32(4):516A. - PubMed
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Hu 2008 {published data only}
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Huang 2007 {published data only}
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Huang 2013 {published data only}
    1. Huang GM, Ma MY, Zhuang ZH, Chen Y, Liu SH, Jiang HB, et al. Effect of sengstaken-blakemore tube combined with suction catheter in esophageal varices bleeding patients. Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2013;25(9):554-5. - PubMed
Huizinga 1985 {published data only}
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Ibrahim 2019 {published data only}
    1. Ibrahim M, El-Mikkawy A, Abdel Hamid M, Abdalla H, Lemmers A, Mostafa I, et al. Early application of haemostatic powder added to standard management for oesophagogastric variceal bleeding: a randomised trial. Gut 2019;68(5):844-53. - PMC - PubMed
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Jaramillo 1991 {published data only}
    1. Jaramillo JL, la Mata M, Mino G, Costan G, Gomez-Camacho F. Somatostatin versus sengstaken balloon tamponade for primary haemostasia of bleeding esophageal varices. A randomized pilot study. Journal of Hepatology 1991;12(1):100-5. - PubMed
Jenkins 1985 {published data only}
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Jenkins 1997 {published data only}
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Jensen 1989 {published data only}
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Jensen 1993 {published data only}
    1. Jensen DM, Kovacs TO, Randall GM, You S, Pelayo E, Jensen ME, et al. Initial results of a randomized prospective-study of emergency banding vs sclerotherapy for bleeding gastric or esophageal-varices. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 1993;39(2):279.
Johnston 2019 {published data only}
    1. Johnston M, Cook C, Buchanan RM. Re: Early application of haemostatic powder added to standard management for oesophagogastric variceal bleeding: a randomised trial. Gut 2019 July 16 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319272] - DOI - PubMed
Junquera 2000 {published data only}
    1. Junquera F, Lopez-Talavera JC, Mearin F, Saperas E, Armengol JR, Esteban R, et al. Somatostatin plus isosorbide-5-mononitrate VS somatostatin in the control of acute gastro-esophageal variceal bleeding: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1998;114(4):A1266. - PMC - PubMed
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Kim 2005 {published data only}
    1. Kim SH, Ham JH, Park JW, Lee SH, Kim HJ, Kim HJ. Comparison of the effects and complications of combined therapies using endoscopic variceal ligation with octreotide or terlipressin in the control of acute esophageal variceal bleeding. Korean Journal of Medicine 2005;68(2):149-56.
Kochman 1992 {published data only}
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Korula 1985 {published data only}
    1. Korula J, Balart LA, Radvan G, Zweiban BE, Larson AW, Kao HW, et al. A prospective, randomized controlled trial of chronic esophageal variceal sclerotherapy. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 1985;5(4):584-9. - PubMed
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Korula 1994 {published data only}
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Kullavanijaya 2001 {published data only}
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Kusumobroto 1986 {published data only}
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Kusumobroto 1994 {published data only}
    1. Kusumobroto H, Djajapranata LI, Oesman N, Adi P, Nusi IA. Comparison of octreotide, vasopressin and SB tube for acute bleeding of esophageal varices: a prospective randomized trial. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 1994;9(3):A34.
Larson 1986 {published data only}
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Lee 1998 {published data only}
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Lee 1999b {published data only}
    1. Lee GH, Cho SW, Kim HJ, Ko KH, Ko JH, Ko YY. Endoscopic variceal ligation plus octreotide versus variceal ligation alone for the prevention of early rebleeding from esophageal varices. Korean Journal of Hepatology 1999;5(4):299-305.
Lee 2003 {published data only}
    1. Lee HY, Lee HJ, Lee SM, Kim JH, Kweon SW, Lee BS, et al. A prospective randomized controlled clinical trial comparing the effects of somatostatin and vasopressin for control of acute variceal bleeding in the patients with liver cirrhosis. Korean Journal of Internal Medicine 2003;18(3):161-6. - PMC - PubMed
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Li 1996 {published data only}
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Li 1997 {published data only}
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Lin 1996 {published data only}
    1. Lin HC, Tsai YT, Huang YT, Shieh WZ, Hou MC, Lee FY. Hemodynamic effects of a combination of octreotide and terlipressin in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 1996;24(4 Pt 2):539A.
Lin 2018 {published data only}
    1. Lin QM. Cost-effectiveness analysis of respective combination of endoscopic ligation and somatostatin, terlipressin and octreotide for the treatment of gastroesophageal varices bleeding. Journal of Digestive Diseases 2018;19:19.
Ling 2000 {published data only}
    1. Ling H, Xiao XD, Xu AG, Gan AH, Zhang YM, Tong ZY. Therapeutic efficacy of vasoconstrictor versus sclerosing agents on esophageal vein varicosity. Chinese Journal of Digestive Endoscopy 2000;17(4):227.
Liu 1998 {published data only}
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Ljubicic 2011 {published data only}
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Lo 1991 {published data only}
    1. Lo GH, Lin CY, Lai KH, Malik U, Ng WW, Lee FY, et al. Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy versus conservative treatment for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and bleeding esophageal varices. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 1991;37(2):161-4. - PubMed
Lo 1994 {published data only}
    1. Lo GH, Lai KH, Chang CF, Shen MT, Jeng JS, Huang RL, et al. Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy vs. endoscopic variceal ligation in arresting acute variceal bleeding for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Hepatology 1994;21(6):1048-52. - PubMed
Lo 1997 {published data only}
    1. Lo GH, Lai KH, Cheng JS, Lin CK, Huang JS, Hsu PI, et al. Emergency banding ligation versus sclerotherapy for the control of active bleeding from esophageal varices. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 1997;25(5):1101-4. - PubMed
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Lo 2004 {published data only}
    1. Lo GH, Lai KH, D'Amico G, Pietrosi G, Tarantino I, Pagliaro L. Are vasoactive drugs truly the treatment of choice for acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage? Gastroenterology 2004;126(3):933-4. - PubMed
Lo 2011 {published data only}
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Loperfido 1987 {published data only}
    1. Loperfido S, Godena F, Tosolini G, Demattè P, Burei F, Gasparini G, et al. Somatostatin in the treatment of hemorrhaging esophago-gastric varices. Controlled clinical trial in comparison with ranitidine. Recenti Progressi in Medicina 1987;78(2):82-6. - PubMed
Ludwig 2000 {published data only}
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Luz 2011 {published data only}
    1. Luz GO, Maluf-Filho F, Matuguma SE, Hondo FY, Ide E, Melo JM, et al. Comparison between endoscopic sclerotherapy and band ligation for haemostasis of acute variceal bleeding. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2011;3(5):95-100. - PMC - PubMed
Ma 2007 {published data only}
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Mallory 1980 {published data only}
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Mansour 2017 {published data only}
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Marbet 1988 {published data only}
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Merli 1998 {published data only}
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Mezick 1994 {published data only}
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Mishin 1999 {published data only}
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Moller 1992 {published data only}
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Moloney 2000 {published data only}
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    1. Mostafa I, Omar MM, Fakhry S, El-Ghannam M, Serry M, Nouh A, et al. Prospective randomized comparative study of injection sclerotherapy and band ligation for bleeding esophageal varices. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 1996;23(1):P185.
Nakamura 2001 {published data only}
    1. Nakamura S, Mitsunaga A, Murata Y, Suzuki S, Hayashi N. Endoscopic induction of mucosal fibrosis by argon plasma coagulation (APC) for esophageal varices: a prospective randomized trial of ligation plus APC vs. ligation alone. Endoscopy 2001;33(3):210-5. - PubMed
Nakase 1996 {published data only}
    1. Nakase H, Kawasaki T, Komori H, Sakatani N, Sawai S, Chiba T. Endoscopic variceal ligation versus endoscopic injection sclerotherapy: comparison of hepatic and renal function. American Journal of Gastroenterology 1996;91(10):2170-3. - PubMed
NCT00161915 {published data only}
    1. NCT00161915. Efficacy and safety of endoscopic injection of fibrin sealant versus endoscopic ligature for bleeding esophageal varices [Prospective randomized study on the efficacy of endoscopic injection therapy with fibrin sealant versus endoscopic ligature for acute haemostasis and the prophylaxis of recurrent bleeding from esophageal varices]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00161915 (first received 13 September 2000).
NCT00331188 {published data only}
    1. NCT00331188. Use of Sanvar® with endoscopic treatment for the control of acute variceal bleeding [The early use of Sanvar® with endoscopic treatment for the control of acute variceal bleeding due to portal hypertension]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00331188 (first received 29 May 2006).
NCT00369694 {published data only}
    1. NCT00369694. Short course terlipressin for control of acute variceal bleeding [Randomized double blind dummy controlled trial of 24 versus 72 hours of terlipressin as an adjuvant therapy in acute variceal bleed]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00369694 (first received 29 August 2006).
NCT00371943 {published data only}
    1. NCT00371943. EVL plus drug to prevent variceal rebleeding [A controlled trial of ligation plus drug vs drug alone in the prevention of variceal rebleeding]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00371943 (first received 4 September 2006).
NCT00563602 {published data only}
    1. NCT00563602. Treatment for prevention of variceal rebleeding guided by the hemodynamic response [Randomized and controlled study of endoscopic ligation, nadolol and isosorbide mononitrate vs endoscopic ligation and nadolol alone, or associated with isosorbide mononitrate or prazosin, depending on the hemodynamic response]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00563602 (first received 26 November 2007).
NCT00863837 {published data only}
    1. NCT00863837. Prevention of esophageal variceal rebleeding. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00863837 (first received 18 March 2009).
NCT00966355 {published data only}
    1. NCT00966355. Comparison of terlipressin, somatostatin, and octreotide for control of variceal bleeding [RCT for the effect of early administration of vasoactive substances when combined with endoscopic treatment in acute gastro-esophageal variceal bleeds: comparisons among terlipressin, somatostatin, and octreotide]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00966355 (first received 26 August 2009).
NCT01103154 {published data only}
    1. NCT01103154. A trial of nadolol plus isosorbide mononitrate versus carvedilol for the prevention of variceal rebleeding [A controlled trial of nadolol plus isosorbide mononitrate vs carvedilol for the prevention of variceal rebleeding]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01103154 (first received 14 April 2010).
NCT01131962 {published data only}
    1. NCT01131962. Comparing two methods to stop vomiting of blood using the endoscope [Control of acute variceal bleeding using the multi-shooter band ligator compared to injection sclerotherapy]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01131962 (first received 27 May 2010).
NCT01242280 {published data only}
    1. NCT01242280. Self-expandable esophageal stent versus balloon tamponade in refractory esophageal variceal bleeding [Esophageal stent is more effective than tamponade controlling refractory esophageal variceal bleeding: a randomized controlled trial]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01242280 (first received 17 November 2010).
NCT01335516 {published data only}
    1. NCT01335516. Follow-up of glypressin (terlipressin) clinical efficacy in the treatment of bleeding oesophageal varices. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01335516 (first received 14 April 2011).
NCT01426087 {published data only}
    1. NCT01426087. Effects of somatostatin on post-endoscopic portal hemodynamic in cirrhotic patients with esophageal gastric varices [Investigator sponsored study of effects of somatostatin on post-endoscopic portal hemodynamic in cirrhotic patients with esophageal gastric varices]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01426087 (first received 31 August 2011).
NCT01851564 {published data only}
    1. NCT01851564. RCT of stent versus standard therapy in oesophageal variceal haemorrhage [Effective haemostasis using self-expandable covered mesh-metal oesophageal stents versus standard endoscopic therapy in the treatment of oesophageal variceal haemorrhage: a multicentre, open, prospective, randomised, controlled study]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01851564 (first received 10 May 2013).
NCT02311608 {published data only}
    1. NCT02311608. Effects of terlipressin when usual somatostatin or octreotide dose fails [Comparative effectiveness research: effects of terlipressin when usual somatostatin or octreotide dose fails to treat the patients with acute variceal bleeding]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02311608 (first received 8 December 2014).
NCT02361593 {published data only}
    1. NCT02361593. Transparent cap-assisted endoscopic sclerotherapy [Transparent cap-assisted endoscopic sclerotherapy (lauromacrogol injection) in esophageal Varices: a randomized controlled trial]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02361593 (first received 12 February 2015).
NCT02377141 {published data only}
    1. NCT02377141. Early use of TIPSS in patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding [Early use of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPSS) in patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02377141 (first received 3 March 2015).
NCT03583996 {published data only}
    1. NCT03583996. The SHUNT-V Study for Varices [The HepQuant SHUNT liver diagnostic kit for likelihood of large esophageal varices: The SHUNT-V study]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03583996 (first received 12 July 2018).
Nevens 1997 {published data only}
    1. Nevens F. The value of natural somatostatin in combination with sclerotherapy: clinical and financial considerations. Research and Clinical Forums 1997;19(8):45-8.
O'Connor 1989 {published data only}
    1. O'Connor KW, Lehman G, Yune H, Brunelle R, Christiansen P, Hast J, et al. Comparison of three nonsurgical treatments for bleeding esophageal varices. Gastroenterology 1989;96(3):899-906. - PubMed
Okano 2003a {published data only}
    1. Okano H, Shiraki K, Inoue H, Kawakita T, Deguchi M, Sugimoto K, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with liver cirrhosis after endoscopic esophageal varices ligation therapy: comparison with ethanol injection therapy. Hepato-Gastroenterology 2003;50(54):2013-6. - PubMed
Okano 2003b {published data only}
    1. Okano H, Shiraki K, Inoue H, Kawakita T, Deguchi M, Sugimoto K, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with liver cirrhosis after endoscopic ethanol injection sclerotherapy for esophageal varices. Hepato-Gastroenterology 2003;50(53):1556-9. - PubMed
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    1. Orloff MJ. A comparative study of emergency transesophageal ligation and nonsurgical treatment of bleeding esophageal varices in unselected patients with cirrhosis. Surgery 1962;52(1):103-16. - PubMed
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    1. Orloff MJ, Chandler JG, Charters AC, Condon JK, Grambort DE, Modafferi TR, et al. Emergency portacaval shunt treatment for bleeding esophageal varices. Prospective study in unselected patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Archives of Surgery 1974;108(3):293-9. - PubMed
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    1. Orloff MJ, Bell RH, Orloff MS, Hardison WG, Greenburg AG. Prospective randomized trial of emergency portacaval shunt and emergency medical therapy in unselected cirrhotic patients with bleeding varices. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 1994;20(4 Pt 1):863-72. - PubMed
Orloff 2009 {published data only}
    1. NCT00690027. San Diego bleeding esophageal varices study. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00690027 (first received 4 June 2008).
    1. Orloff M, Isenberg J, Wheeler H, Haynes K, Jinich-Brook H, Rapier R, et al. Quality of life in a randomized controlled trial of endoscopic sclerotherapy versus emergency portacaval shunt treatment of bleeding esophageal varices. HPB : the Official Journal of the International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association 2010;12:88.
    1. Orloff MJ, Isenberg JI, Vaida F, Wheeler HO, Haynes K, Jinich-Brook H, et al. Indirect costs of mortality and morbidity and direct economic costs in a randomized controlled trial of emergency therapy of bleeding esophageal varices in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2012;142(5 Suppl 1):S1038-9.
    1. Orloff MJ, Isenberg JI, Wheeler HO, Haynes KS, Horacio JB, Rapier RC, et al. Portal-systemic encephalopathy in a randomized controlled trial of endoscopic sclerotherapy versus emergency portacaval shunt treatment of acutely bleeding esophageal varices in cirrhosis. Annals of Surgery 2009;250(4):598-610. - PubMed
    1. Orloff MJ, Isenberg JI, Wheeler HO, Haynes KS, Jinich-Brook H, Rapier R, et al. A randomized controlled trial of emergency treatment of bleeding esophageal varices in cirrhosis for hepatocellular carcinoma. American Journal of Surgery 2012;203(2):182-90. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Orloff MJ, Vaida F, Haynes KS, Hye RJ, Isenberg JI, Jinich-Brook H. Randomized controlled trial of emergency transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus emergency portacaval shunt treatment of acute bleeding esophageal varices in cirrhosis. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2012;16(11):2094-111. - PubMed
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    1. Orloff MJ, Hye RJ, Wheeler HO, Isenberg JI, Haynes KS, Vaida F, et al. Randomized trials of endoscopic therapy and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus portacaval shunt for emergency and elective treatment of bleeding gastric varices in cirrhosis. Surgery 2015;157(6):1028-45. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Pedretti G, Elia G, Calzetti C, Magnani G, Fiaccadori F. Octreotide versus terlypressin in acute variceal hemorrhage in liver cirrhosis. Emergency control and prevention of early rebleeding. Clinical Investigator 1994;72(9):653-9. - PubMed
Peng 2013 {published data only}
    1. Peng Y. Terlipressin in combination with endoscopic variceal ligation for prevention of acute esophageal variceal rebleeding. Chinese Journal of Gastroenterology 2013;18(10):613-4.
Pinto Correia 1984 {published data only}
    1. Pinto Correia J, Alves MM, Alexandrtno P, Silveira JC. Controlled clinical trial of vasopressin versus tamponade in the treatment of digestive hemorrhage from bleeding esophageal varices. Journal das Ciencias Medicas 1985;149:58-62.
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    1. Prindiville T, Trudeau W. A comparison of immediate versus delayed endoscopic injection sclerosis of bleeding esophageal varices. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 1986;32(6):385-8. - PubMed
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    1. Prioton J B, Feneyrou B, Daures J P, Michel H, Bories P, Blanc F. Long-term results of a randomized trial of portal disconnection of the oesophagus with a clip and medical treatment in cirrhotic patients with bleeding oesophageal varices. Annales de Gastroenterologie et d'Hepatologie 1988;24(1):1-5. - PubMed
Priyadarshi 2011 {published data only}
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Rabeneck 1989 {published data only}
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    1. Ramage JK, Gimson AE, Panos M, Hayllar K, Harrison P, Westeby D, et al. Randomised trial of variceal banding ligation and injection sclerotherapy for bleeding oesophageal varices. Gut 1993;34(1):S22. - PubMed
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Rikkers 1993 {published data only}
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    1. Saeed ZA, Stiegmann GV, Ramirez FC, Reveille RM, Goff JS, Hepps KS, et al. Endoscopic variceal ligation is superior to combined ligation and sclerotherapy for esophageal varices: a multicenter prospective randomized trial. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 1997;25(1):71-4. - PubMed
Sahu 2014 {published data only}
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Salem 1999 {published data only}
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Santambrogio 2006 {published data only}
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Seo 2006 {published data only}
    1. Seo YS, Um SH, Hyun JJ, Kim YH, Park S, Keum BR, et al. A prospective study comparing the efficacy of early administration of terlipressin and somatostatin for the control of acute variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. Korean Journal of Hepatology 2006;12(3):373-84. - PubMed
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    1. Seo YS, Park SY, Kim MY, Kim JH, Park JY, Yim HJ, et al. Comparison of the effects of terlipressin, somatostatin, and octreotide when combined with endoscopic treatment in acute gastroesophageal variceal bleeding: a multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial. Journal of Hepatology 2011;54(Suppl 1):S50.
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Shigemitsu 2000 {published data only}
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Shin 1998 {published data only}
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Silva 2004 {published data only}
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Soderlund 1996 {published data only}
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Thiel 1993 {published data only}
    1. Thiel DH, Dindzans VJ, Schade RR, Rabinovitz M, Gavaler JS. Prophylactic versus emergency sclerotherapy of large esophageal varices prior to liver transplantation. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 1993;38(8):1505-10. - PubMed
Tricerri 1995 {published data only}
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Valenzuela 1989 {published data only}
    1. Valenzuela JE, Schubert T, Fogel MR, Strong RM, Levine J, Mills PR, et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial of somatostatin in the management of acute hemorrhage from esophageal varices. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 1989;10(6):958-61. - PubMed
Villanueva 2001 {published data only}
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Villanueva 2005 {published data only}
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Vlachogiannakos 2007 {published data only}
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Walker 1986 {published data only}
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Ximing 2013 {published data only}
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Xu 1993 {published data only}
    1. Xu YC, Wang GL, Shen J, Wu XN. Clinical study on octreotide for treatment of bleeding of esophageal varices. Chinese Journal of Digestion 1993;13(5):302-3.
Xu 1998 {published data only}
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Xu 2012 {published data only}
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Yan 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT04028323. Functional MRI-based assessment of terlipressin vs octreotide on renal function in cirrhotic patients with acute variceal bleeding (CHESS1903) [Functional MRI-based assessment of terlipressin vs octreotide on renal function in cirrhotic patients with acute variceal bleeding (CHESS1903): a multicenter, single-blind, randomised controlled trial]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04028323 (first received 22 July 2019). - PMC - PubMed
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Yang 2001 {published data only}
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Zargar 2008 {published data only}
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Zhang 2000 {published data only}
    1. Zhang YH, Jaing L, Zhao CX. The clinical observation on treatment of esophageal varicosis rupture hemorrhage with low dose vasopressin and nitroglycerin. Chinese Journal of Clinical Hepatology 2000;16(2):112-3.
Zhang 2002 {published data only}
    1. Zhang HB, Wong BC, Zhou XM, Guo XG, Zhao SJ, Wang JH, et al. Effects of somatostatin, octreotide and pitressin plus nitroglycerine on systemic and portal haemodynamics in the control of acute variceal bleeding. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2002;56(6):447-51. - PubMed
Zhang 2006 {published data only}
    1. Zhang Y, Chen SY, Yu XF, Zhao SM, Wang YQ. Cost-effectiveness analysis of emergency endoscopic variceal ligation plus octreotide in the treatment of acute esophageal variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients. Chung-Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 2006;27(5):433-6. - PubMed
Zhang 2008 {published data only}
    1. Zhang CQ, Liu FL, Liang B, Sun ZQ, Xu HW, Xu L, et al. A modified percutaneous transhepatic variceal embolization with 2-octyl cyanoacrylate versus endoscopic ligation in esophageal variceal bleeding management: randomized controlled trial. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 2008;53(8):2258-67. - PubMed
Zhao 1998 {published data only}
    1. Zhao Y, Gu X. Endoscopic variceal ligation versus endoscopic sclerotherapy: comparison of complications and rebleeding. In: 6th World Congress of Endoscopic Surgery. Bologna, Italy: Monduzzi Editore, 1998:365-68.
Zhou 2002 {published data only}
    1. Zhou Y, Qiao L, Wu J, Hu H, Xu C. Comparison of the efficacy of octreotide, vasopressin, and omeprazole in the control of acute bleeding in patients with portal hypertensive gastropathy: a controlled study. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2002;17(9):973-9. - PubMed
Zhou 2013 {published data only}
    1. Zhou J, Wu Z, Wu J, Wang X, Li Y, Wang M, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) versus laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) plus preoperative endoscopic varices ligation (EVL) in the treatment of recurrent variceal bleeding. Surgical Endoscopy 2013;27(8):2712-20. - PubMed
Zhu 2005 {published data only}
    1. Zhu CQ, Dong SX, Mao YM, Zeng MD, Jiang YB, Xu JM, Tian DA, et al. A multicentred clinical comparative study on curative effect and safety of acetic octreotide in treatment of esophageal varices bleeding. World Chinese Journal of Digestology 2005;13(21):2570-3.
Zoller 1995 {published data only}
    1. Zoller WG, Gross M. Drug treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding: alternative or supplement to endoscopic therapy? Endoscopy 1995;27(8):616-21. - PubMed
Zuberi 2000 {published data only}
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Zuckerman 2016 {published data only}
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References to studies awaiting assessment

Chen 1996b {published data only}
    1. Chen CY, Chen CY, Chang TT, Lin XZ. Endoscopic ligation in acute esophageal variceal bleeding will exacerbate concomitant gastric variceal bleeding? In: United European Gastroenterology Week. 1996:1198.
Khan 2002 {published data only}
    1. Khan IU, Hameed K, Farooqi JI, Khan IM, Shah S. Efficacy of low-dose intravenous octreotide for 24 hours in acute variceal bleed. Medical Forum Monthly 2002;13(2):4-7.

References to ongoing studies

CTRI/2018/03/012860 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2018/03/012860. Comparison of a drug (Octreotide) which reduces bleeding by decreasing blood pressure with a control agent in stopping blood vomiting in patients with alcoholic liver disease after band occlusion of the bleeding vessels. www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=23999 (Registered on 26 March 2018).
NCT02646202 {published data only}
    1. NCT02646202. Scleroligation for eradication of gastroesophageal varices [Scleroligation is a safe and effective new technique for eradication of gastroesophageal varices]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02646202 (first received 27 December 2017).

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References to other published versions of this review

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