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. 2021 Mar 26:9:649626.
doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.649626. eCollection 2021.

The Morphological Diversity of Plant Organs: Manipulating the Organization of Microtubules May Do the Trick

Zhiru Bao  1   2   3 , Zhijing Xu  1   2   3 , Jingze Zang  1   2   3 , Katharina Bürstenbinder  4 , Pengwei Wang  1   2   3
Affiliations

The Morphological Diversity of Plant Organs: Manipulating the Organization of Microtubules May Do the Trick

Zhiru Bao et al. Front Cell Dev Biol. .
No abstract available

Keywords: IQD; ROP; cell morphogenesis; cytoskeleton; microtubules; organ shape.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic summary of the organization of plant organ shape regulated by microtubules. (A) Localization of microtubules during cell division. BY-2 cells were immuno-labeled with anti-tubulin (microtubules, green) and DAPI (magenta, DNA). Microtubules rearrange throughout prophase, metaphase, and telophase to form the preprophase band (PPB), spindle apparatus, and phragmoplast, respectively. Bars, 10 μm. (B) Leaf pavement cells display a typical jigsaw puzzle-shape appearance. During lobe formation, cortical microtubules are enriched at convex neck regions. MT-PM contact sites may take part in reorganization of microtubule arrays through IQDs-KLCR and ROP6-RIC1 proteins, whose mutants show more circular pavement cells and disorganized cytoskeletal networks. (C) Model of ROP and IQD pathways and their (proposed) role in regulating cell growth and division. Auxin signals activate ROPs, and recruit RIC1, KTN1 or other MAPs to promote microtubule ordering. On the other hand, auxin signals also activate IQDs, which regulate the distribution of ROPs on the PM and the organization of microtubules, and direct the orientation of cell growth and division. (D) Fruit shapes are controlled by the direction of cell division and cell expansion. During anisotropic growth, the orientation of cortical microtubules is perpendicular to the direction of cell expansion. For example, in elongated fruits, cell expansion is likely oriented longitudinally and microtubules are aligned transversely. (E) The position of the PPB marks the site of cell division. The positional information is maintained by a polarized membrane domain, termed CDZ. The new cell wall is inserted at the cell center by the phragmoplast, which guides the growing cell plate toward the CDZ. The direction of cell division will greatly influence organ shape. Altered expression of ROPs may affect division plane positioning. Mutants in KTN1 display delayed phragmoplast growth. Division plane determination may further be controlled by other shape regulators such as IQDs or other MAPs.
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