Farmers' knowledge, attitudes and practices towards management of cassava pests and diseases in forest transition and Guinea savannah agro-ecological zones of Ghana

Abstract

Background: Cassava is a major staple root crop in Ghana, which serves as a food security and an income generating crop for farming families. In spite of its importance, the crop is plagued with biotic factors such as pests and diseases, resulting in yield and income reductions. Methods: Farmers' knowledge, attitudes and practices towards cassava pest and disease management were investigated. A mixed research questionnaire was used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data from 94 cassava farm households across two major cassava growing agro-ecologies. Results: Using descriptive statistics, parametric and non-parametric analysis, our study revealed that farmers' knowledge on cassava pests was high but low for diseases. Whiteflies ( Bemisia tabaci Gennadius), grasshoppers ( Zonocerus variegatus), aphids ( Aphis gossypii Glover), mealybugs ( Phenacoccus manihoti), termites ( Isoptera), and grasscutters ( Thryonomys swinderianus) were perceived as the most common damaging pests. Farmers' descriptions showed that disease pathogens attacked foliar tissues, stem and root tissues and caused leaf dropping and die back. Cassava mosaic disease and root rot were the most common diseases; however, disease descriptions suggested the incidence of viral, bacterial and fungal diseases. Some of the farmers observed mixed symptoms on their farms. The results also showed that only 25.5% cultivated improved varieties. Management actions applied included field sanitation practices and pesticide application. The effectiveness level of the control actions was rated moderately effective. Conclusions: The analysis showed heterogeneity in personal and farm level characteristics of respondents across the two agro-ecologies, but agro-ecologies were independent of the management practices employed. There is a need to improve farmers' access to improved disease-free planting materials through efficient dissemination pathways and increase farmers' knowledge on cassava pests, diseases and integrated management through publfic awareness creation and capacity building by extension agents and research institutions. Continued government investment is needed to achieve sustainable outcomes.

Keywords: Ghana; Manihot esculenta; cassava; diseases; knowledge; perception.

Figure 1.. District Map of Northern and Eastern Regions of Ghana with study areas in the circle.

Maps were adapted from original versions available from Wikimedia under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license (Northern region map – Rwhaun, 2018, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Districts_of_the_Northern_Region_(2018).png; Eastern region map – Macabe5387, 2017, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Districts_of_the_Eastern_Region_(2012).svg).

Figure 2.. Graph of variety types cultivated by farmers.

Figure 3.. Information channels on crop pests and diseases.

NGO, non-governmental organization.