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Editorial
. 2021 Apr 20;10(8):e020286.
doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.020286. Epub 2021 Apr 13.

The Liver and the Cardiovascular System: Two of a Kind?

Sven Francque  1   2   3
Affiliations
Editorial

The Liver and the Cardiovascular System: Two of a Kind?

Sven Francque. J Am Heart Assoc. .
No abstract available

Keywords: Editorials; cardiovascular disease; liver; metabolic syndrome; non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease.

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Conflict of interest statement

Dr Francque has a senior clinical research mandate from the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (1802154N) and has acted as advisor and/or lecturer for Roche, Gilead, Abbvie, Bayer, BMS, MSD, Janssen, Actelion, Astellas, Genfit, Inventiva, Intercept, Genentech, Galmed, Promethera, Coherus, and NGM Bio.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Summary of potential pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
NAFLD drives multiple mechanisms that ultimately lead to CVD. These mechanisms are summarized in this figure. Genetic background, adipose tissue, and the gut all contribute, in part via the liver (direct effects also exist but are not within the scope of this review). Structural alterations of the cardiovascular system are marked in red. ANGPTL indicates angiopoietin‐like protein; FetA, fetuin‐A; FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21; GIP, gastric inhibitory peptide; GLP‐1, glucagon‐like peptide 1; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; HMGB‐1, high‐mobility group box 1; hs‐CRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; IL‐1β, interleukin 1β; IL‐6, interleukin 6; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; M1/M2, macrophage phenotype 1/2 ratio; OxLDL, oxidized LDL; PAI‐1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; PNPLA3, patatin‐like phospholipase domain containing protein 3; sdLDL, small dense LDL; SeP, selenoprotein P; SNP, single‐nucleotide polymorphism; TG, triglycerides; TM6SF2, transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2; TMA, trimethylamine; TMAO, trimethylamine‐N‐oxide; TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor α; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; and VLDL, very‐LDL. Reproduced from Francque et al 6 with permission. Copyright ©Elsevier, 2016.
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