Objective Findings on the K-Doped g-C3N4 Photocatalysts: The Presence and Influence of Organic Byproducts on K-Doped g-C3N4 Photocatalysis

Abstract

The thermal-condensation method is widely used for the synthesis of K-doped g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts, but the presence of organic byproducts in the resultant products is often overlooked in previous reports. Here, we demonstrated the universal presence of organic byproducts in K-doped g-C₃N₄ synthesized by typical thermal condensation of KOH/melamine, KOH/dicyandiamide, or KOH/urea. Taking the K-doped g-C₃N₄ photocatalysis for the degradation of dimethyl phthalate as an example, the negative influence of the organic byproducts on K-doped g-C₃N₄ photocatalysis was confirmed. Specifically, the organic byproducts can be gradually dissolved into the photocatalytic system of K-doped g-C₃N₄ as new and stable pollutants. Based on the solubility investigations on the byproducts in several solvents, hot-water washing was demonstrated to be a relatively effective approach to remove the organic byproducts from K-doped g-C₃N₄. The formation of organic byproducts during the synthesis of K-doped g-C₃N₄ could be ascribed to the fact that the presence of K salts in melamine, dicyandiamide, or urea molecules results in their insufficient thermal condensation into expected g-C₃N₄. The present work provides objective information about the K-doped g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts and reminds researchers about the influence of the organic byproducts on the applications of the other impurity-doped g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts.