Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2021 Apr;9(4):E599-E605.
doi: 10.1055/a-1352-3244. Epub 2021 Apr 13.

Effect of music on pediatric endoscopic examinations: a randomized controlled trial

Constanza Bay  1 , Romina Henriquez  2 , Luis Villarroel  3 , Juan Cristóbal Gana  4
Affiliations

Effect of music on pediatric endoscopic examinations: a randomized controlled trial

Constanza Bay et al. Endosc Int Open. 2021 Apr.

Abstract

Background and study aims The primary objective was to measure the effect of music as an adjunct to sedation in patient anxiety levels during pediatric endoscopic examinations. Patients and methods We performed a single-blind randomized controlled trial comparing music with no music in children aged 2 to 18 years. Anxiety was measured using the Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (m-YPAS) and the Visual Analog Anxiety Scale (VAS-anxiety). Patient perception of pain was evaluated with the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (WBFPRS). Patient experience, family satisfaction, and endoscopist perception of difficulty were evaluated. Sedative doses were recorded. Results A total of 51 children were randomized to the experimental group and 49 children to the control group. The mean ages were 10.5 years and 12.3 years, respectively. There were 63 % female subjects with no differences between groups. Overall, there were 85 upper endoscopies and 15 colonoscopies. In the recovery unit, the experimental group had lower average m-YPAS scores (mean score 27.7 vs 34.7; P < 0.001), a higher proportion of them had low m-YPAS scores (80 % vs 49 % P < 0.001), had lower VAS-anxiety scores [mean score 0.55 vs 1.57 ( P = 0.003)], and had lower WBFPRS scores [mean score 2.7 vs 1.3 ( P = 0.001)]. There were no statistically significant differences found in the amount of standard sedation given to the groups, nor in additional sedation administered. In the experimental group, the patient-reported experience was significantly better. Conclusions The study results show that music reduces anxiety and pain associated with endoscopic procedures in children. It also facilitates these procedures and improves patient satisfaction.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Study flowchart. m-YAS, Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale; VAS-anxiety, Visual Analog Anxiety Scale; WBFPRS, Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Demographics and characteristics of the control and experimental group. BMI, body mass index; DM1, Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
m-YPAS scores at admission and recovery in both groups.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
VAS-anxiety scores at admission and recovery in both groups.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale scores at admission and recovery in both groups.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Endoscopist difficulty perception scale scores by groups.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Patient experience scale scores by groups.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

  • Non-pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain.
    Pillai Riddell RR, Bucsea O, Shiff I, Chow C, Gennis HG, Badovinac S, DiLorenzo-Klas M, Racine NM, Ahola Kohut S, Lisi D, Turcotte K, Stevens B, Uman LS. Pillai Riddell RR, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jun 14;6(6):CD006275. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006275.pub4. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023. PMID: 37314064 Free PMC article.

References

    1. Jevtovic-Todorovic V. Pediatric anesthesia neurotoxicity: an overview of the 2011 SmartTots panel. Anesth Analg. 2011;113:965–968. - PubMed
    1. Miller T, Park R, Sun L. Report of the Fourth PANDA Symposium on Anesthesia and Neurodevelopment in Children. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2014;26:344–348. - PubMed
    1. Golan G, Tighe P, Dobija N et al.Clowns for the prevention of preoperative anxiety in children: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatric Anesthesia. 2009;19:262–266. - PubMed
    1. Vagnoli L, Caprilli S, Robiglio A et al.Clown doctors as a treatment for preoperative anxiety in children: a randomized, prospective study. Pediatrics. 2005;116:e563–567. - PubMed
    1. Murphy G. Distraction techniques for venepuncture: a review. Paediatr Nurs. 2009;21:18–20. - PubMed