Multicenter Study

. 2021 Apr 19;25(1):149.

doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03551-3.

The impact of frailty on survival in elderly intensive care patients with COVID-19: the COVIP study

Christian Jung¹, Hans Flaatten^{2

3}, Jesper Fjølner⁴, Raphael Romano Bruno⁵, Bernhard Wernly⁶, Antonio Artigas⁷, Bernardo Bollen Pinto⁸, Joerg C Schefold⁹, Georg Wolff⁵, Malte Kelm⁵, Michael Beil¹⁰, Sigal Sviri¹⁰, Peter Vernon van Heerden¹¹, Wojciech Szczeklik¹², Miroslaw Czuczwar¹³, Muhammed Elhadi¹⁴, Michael Joannidis¹⁵, Sandra Oeyen¹⁶, Tilemachos Zafeiridis¹⁷, Brian Marsh¹⁸, Finn H Andersen^{19

20}, Rui Moreno²¹, Maurizio Cecconi²², Susannah Leaver²³, Ariane Boumendil^{24

25}, Dylan W De Lange²⁶, Bertrand Guidet^{24

25}; COVIP study group

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

COVIP study group:
Hans Flaatten, Bernhard Wernly, Antonio Artigas, Michael Beil, Sigal Sviri, Peter Vernon van Heerden, Wojciech Szczeklik, Muhammed Elhadi, Tilemachos Zafeiridis, Rui Moreno, Maurizio Cecconi, Ariane Boumendil, Hazem Maarouf Abosheaishaa, Enas M Y Abualqumboz, Abdullah Khudhur Ahmed, Hazem Ahmed, Zoi Aidoni, Cesar Aldecoa, Nica Alexandru, Yasmin Khairy NasrEldin Mohamed Ali, Mohammed Al-Sadawi, Kasper Andersen, Finn H Andersen, Rui Assis, Mohammed A Azab, Ahmed Y Azzam, Mohamed Raafat Badawy, Ida Riise Balleby, Eberhard Barth, Eberhard Barth, Nawfel Ben-HAmouda, Guillaume Besch, Sebastien Besset, Anders Thais Bjerregaard, Helene Brix, Raphael Romano Bruno, Jens Brushoej, Helle Bundgaard, Philippe Burtin, Anais Caillard, Isabel Canas-Perez, Cyril Charron, Evangelia Chrisanthopoulou, Vittoria Comellini, Alex Cornet, Patricia Jimeno Cubero, Miroslaw Czuczwar, Stéphane Dauger, Cristina Diaz-Rodriguez, Willem Dieperink, Zouhir Dindane, Michel Djibré, Tom Dormans, Alexander Dullenkopf, Guillaume Dumas, Yumna A Elgazzar, Philipp Eller, Ahmed Elsaka, Mirjam Evers, Andreas Faltlhauser, Aida Fernández Ferreira, Jesper Fjølner, Yvan Fleury, Arnaud Galbois, Pierre Garcon, Marc Garnier, Ryszard Gawda, Abdelilah Ghannam, Ulrich Goebel, Gemma Gomà, Bruno Goncalves, André Gordinho, Martijn Groenendijk, Emmanuel Guerot, Bertrand Guidet, Mohan Gurjar, Hendrik Haake, Lenneke Haas, Ayman Abdelmawgoad Habib, Michael Hahn, Maria Aagaard Hansen, Momin Majed Yousuf Hilles, Aliae A R Mohamed Hussein, David Iglesias, Michael Joannidis, Christian Jung, Igor Jurcisin, Hans-Joachim Kabitz, Malte Kelm, Detlef Kindgen-Milles, Jakub Klimkiewicz, Karl Friedrich Kuhn, Anselm Kunstein, Muhammed Kurt, Dylan W De Lange, Susannah Leaver, Matthias Lutz, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Julien Maizel, Nathalie Marin, Brian Marsh, Buno Megarbane, Dieter Mesotten, Patrick Meybohm, Christian Meyer, Angela Prado Mira, Silvio A Namendys-Silva, Helene Korvenius Nedergaard, Saad Nseir, Sandra Oeyen, Theresa Olasveengen, Ana Isabel Pinho Oliveira, Johanna Oziel, Antonios Papadogoulas, David Perez-Torres, Bernardo Bollen Pinto, Gaël Piton, Gaëtan Plantefeve, Tudor Poerner, Jesús Priego, Ahmed Rabha, Winfried Randerath, Jean-Herlé Raphaelen, Pascal Reper, Jean-Philippe Rigaud, Susana Arias Rivera, Andrea Roberti, Luis Romundstad, Nikoletta Rovina, Rehab Salah, Mahmoud Saleh, Susana Sancho, Maria de Lurdes Campos Santos, Henrique Santos, Stefan Schaller, Joerg C Schefold, Michael Schuster, Gonxhe Shala, Britt Sjøbø, Stephan Steiner, Hans Frank Strietzel, Sigal Sviri, Walter Swinnen, Luis Tamayo-Lomas, Samar Tharwat, Teresa Tomasa, Stine Uhrenholt, Marie Vaissiere, Arnaud Valent, Xavier Valette, Thierry Vanderlinden, Eric Mayor Vázquez, Mercedes Ibarz Villamayor, Maja Villefrance, Ingo Voigt, Kyrillos Wassim, Martin Welte, Georg Wolff, Jakob Wollborn, Begoña Zalba-Etayo, Marieke Zegers

Affiliations

¹ Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany. christian.jung@med.uni-duesseldorf.de.
² Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
³ Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
⁴ Department of Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
⁵ Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
⁶ Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
⁷ Department of Intensive Care Medicine, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Corporacion Sanitaria Universitaria Parc Tauli, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain.
⁸ Department of Acute Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
⁹ Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Universitätsspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
¹⁰ Department of Medical Intensive Care, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
¹¹ General Intensive Care Unit, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
¹² Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
¹³ 2nd Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16, 20-081, Lublin, Poland.
¹⁴ Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya.
¹⁵ Division of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
¹⁶ Department of Intensive Care 1K12IC, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
¹⁷ Intensive Care Unit General Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.
¹⁸ Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
¹⁹ Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Ålesund Hospital, Ålesund, Norway.
²⁰ Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
²¹ Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Neurocríticos e Trauma, Hospital de São José, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Lisboa, Nova Médical School, Lisbon, Portugal.
²² Department of Anaesthesia, IRCCS Instituto Clínico Humanitas, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.
²³ General Intensive Care, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
²⁴ Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Equipe: épidémiologie hospitalière qualité et organisation des soins, 75012, Paris, France.
²⁵ Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, service de réanimation médicale, 75012, Paris, France.
²⁶ Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

PMID: 33874987
PMCID: PMC8054503
DOI: 10.1186/s13054-021-03551-3

Multicenter Study

The impact of frailty on survival in elderly intensive care patients with COVID-19: the COVIP study

Christian Jung et al. Crit Care. 2021.

. 2021 Apr 19;25(1):149.

doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03551-3.

Authors

Collaborators

COVIP study group:
Hans Flaatten, Bernhard Wernly, Antonio Artigas, Michael Beil, Sigal Sviri, Peter Vernon van Heerden, Wojciech Szczeklik, Muhammed Elhadi, Tilemachos Zafeiridis, Rui Moreno, Maurizio Cecconi, Ariane Boumendil, Hazem Maarouf Abosheaishaa, Enas M Y Abualqumboz, Abdullah Khudhur Ahmed, Hazem Ahmed, Zoi Aidoni, Cesar Aldecoa, Nica Alexandru, Yasmin Khairy NasrEldin Mohamed Ali, Mohammed Al-Sadawi, Kasper Andersen, Finn H Andersen, Rui Assis, Mohammed A Azab, Ahmed Y Azzam, Mohamed Raafat Badawy, Ida Riise Balleby, Eberhard Barth, Eberhard Barth, Nawfel Ben-HAmouda, Guillaume Besch, Sebastien Besset, Anders Thais Bjerregaard, Helene Brix, Raphael Romano Bruno, Jens Brushoej, Helle Bundgaard, Philippe Burtin, Anais Caillard, Isabel Canas-Perez, Cyril Charron, Evangelia Chrisanthopoulou, Vittoria Comellini, Alex Cornet, Patricia Jimeno Cubero, Miroslaw Czuczwar, Stéphane Dauger, Cristina Diaz-Rodriguez, Willem Dieperink, Zouhir Dindane, Michel Djibré, Tom Dormans, Alexander Dullenkopf, Guillaume Dumas, Yumna A Elgazzar, Philipp Eller, Ahmed Elsaka, Mirjam Evers, Andreas Faltlhauser, Aida Fernández Ferreira, Jesper Fjølner, Yvan Fleury, Arnaud Galbois, Pierre Garcon, Marc Garnier, Ryszard Gawda, Abdelilah Ghannam, Ulrich Goebel, Gemma Gomà, Bruno Goncalves, André Gordinho, Martijn Groenendijk, Emmanuel Guerot, Bertrand Guidet, Mohan Gurjar, Hendrik Haake, Lenneke Haas, Ayman Abdelmawgoad Habib, Michael Hahn, Maria Aagaard Hansen, Momin Majed Yousuf Hilles, Aliae A R Mohamed Hussein, David Iglesias, Michael Joannidis, Christian Jung, Igor Jurcisin, Hans-Joachim Kabitz, Malte Kelm, Detlef Kindgen-Milles, Jakub Klimkiewicz, Karl Friedrich Kuhn, Anselm Kunstein, Muhammed Kurt, Dylan W De Lange, Susannah Leaver, Matthias Lutz, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Julien Maizel, Nathalie Marin, Brian Marsh, Buno Megarbane, Dieter Mesotten, Patrick Meybohm, Christian Meyer, Angela Prado Mira, Silvio A Namendys-Silva, Helene Korvenius Nedergaard, Saad Nseir, Sandra Oeyen, Theresa Olasveengen, Ana Isabel Pinho Oliveira, Johanna Oziel, Antonios Papadogoulas, David Perez-Torres, Bernardo Bollen Pinto, Gaël Piton, Gaëtan Plantefeve, Tudor Poerner, Jesús Priego, Ahmed Rabha, Winfried Randerath, Jean-Herlé Raphaelen, Pascal Reper, Jean-Philippe Rigaud, Susana Arias Rivera, Andrea Roberti, Luis Romundstad, Nikoletta Rovina, Rehab Salah, Mahmoud Saleh, Susana Sancho, Maria de Lurdes Campos Santos, Henrique Santos, Stefan Schaller, Joerg C Schefold, Michael Schuster, Gonxhe Shala, Britt Sjøbø, Stephan Steiner, Hans Frank Strietzel, Sigal Sviri, Walter Swinnen, Luis Tamayo-Lomas, Samar Tharwat, Teresa Tomasa, Stine Uhrenholt, Marie Vaissiere, Arnaud Valent, Xavier Valette, Thierry Vanderlinden, Eric Mayor Vázquez, Mercedes Ibarz Villamayor, Maja Villefrance, Ingo Voigt, Kyrillos Wassim, Martin Welte, Georg Wolff, Jakob Wollborn, Begoña Zalba-Etayo, Marieke Zegers

Affiliations

¹ Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany. christian.jung@med.uni-duesseldorf.de.
² Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
³ Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
⁴ Department of Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
⁵ Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
⁶ Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
⁷ Department of Intensive Care Medicine, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Corporacion Sanitaria Universitaria Parc Tauli, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain.
⁸ Department of Acute Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
⁹ Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Universitätsspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
¹⁰ Department of Medical Intensive Care, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
¹¹ General Intensive Care Unit, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
¹² Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
¹³ 2nd Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16, 20-081, Lublin, Poland.
¹⁴ Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya.
¹⁵ Division of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
¹⁶ Department of Intensive Care 1K12IC, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
¹⁷ Intensive Care Unit General Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.
¹⁸ Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
¹⁹ Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Ålesund Hospital, Ålesund, Norway.
²⁰ Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
²¹ Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Neurocríticos e Trauma, Hospital de São José, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Lisboa, Nova Médical School, Lisbon, Portugal.
²² Department of Anaesthesia, IRCCS Instituto Clínico Humanitas, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.
²³ General Intensive Care, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
²⁴ Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Equipe: épidémiologie hospitalière qualité et organisation des soins, 75012, Paris, France.
²⁵ Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, service de réanimation médicale, 75012, Paris, France.
²⁶ Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

PMID: 33874987
PMCID: PMC8054503
DOI: 10.1186/s13054-021-03551-3

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has led highly developed healthcare systems to the brink of collapse due to the large numbers of patients being admitted into hospitals. One of the potential prognostic indicators in patients with COVID-19 is frailty. The degree of frailty could be used to assist both the triage into intensive care, and decisions regarding treatment limitations. Our study sought to determine the interaction of frailty and age in elderly COVID-19 ICU patients.

Methods: A prospective multicentre study of COVID-19 patients ≥ 70 years admitted to intensive care in 138 ICUs from 28 countries was conducted. The primary endpoint was 30-day mortality. Frailty was assessed using the clinical frailty scale. Additionally, comorbidities, management strategies and treatment limitations were recorded.

Results: The study included 1346 patients (28% female) with a median age of 75 years (IQR 72-78, range 70-96), 16.3% were older than 80 years, and 21% of the patients were frail. The overall survival at 30 days was 59% (95% CI 56-62), with 66% (63-69) in fit, 53% (47-61) in vulnerable and 41% (35-47) in frail patients (p < 0.001). In frail patients, there was no difference in 30-day survival between different age categories. Frailty was linked to an increased use of treatment limitations and less use of mechanical ventilation. In a model controlling for age, disease severity, sex, treatment limitations and comorbidities, frailty was independently associated with lower survival.

Conclusion: Frailty provides relevant prognostic information in elderly COVID-19 patients in addition to age and comorbidities. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04321265 , registered 19 March 2020.

Keywords: COVID-19; Elderly; Frailty; Outcome; Pandemia.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests. JCS reports grants (full departmental disclosure) from Orion Pharma, Abbott Nutrition International, B. Braun Medical AG, CSEM AG, Edwards Lifesciences Services GmbH, Kenta Biotech Ltd, Maquet Critical Care AB, Omnicare Clinical Research AG, Nestle, Pierre Fabre Pharma AG, Pfizer, Bard Medica S.A., Abbott AG, Anandic Medical Systems, Pan Gas AG Healthcare, Bracco, Hamilton Medical AG, Fresenius Kabi, Getinge Group Maquet AG, Dräger AG, Teleflex Medical GmbH, Glaxo Smith Kline, Merck Sharp and Dohme AG, Eli Lilly and Company, Baxter, Astellas, Astra Zeneca, CSL Behring, Novartis, Covidien, Philips Medical, Phagenesis Ltd, Prolong Pharmaceuticals and Nycomed outside the submitted work. The money went into departmental funds. No personal financial gain applied.

Figures

**Fig. 1**
a Kaplan–Meier curve illustrating survival dependent on clinical frailty scale (CFS) category: fit, vulnerable and frail. b Patients were divided according to the age median (75 years) and survival was illustrated according to their frailty category

**Fig. 2**
Cumulative incidence of organ support and treatment limitations. a Combined mechanical ventilation (MV) and non-invasive ventilation. b Mechanical ventilation (MV). c Vasoactive drugs. d Non-invasive ventilation (NIV). e Treatment limitations. f Renal replacement therapy (RRT)

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

The impact of frailty on survival in elderly intensive care patients with COVID‑19: do not dismiss intensive care unit overcrowding.
Jouffroy R, Vivien B. Jouffroy R, et al. Crit Care. 2021 Jun 30;25(1):225. doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03653-y. Crit Care. 2021. PMID: 34193242 Free PMC article. No abstract available.

Cited by

Clinical Manifestations and Outcomes of Older Patients with COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review.
Lee JE, Kang DH, Kim SY, Kim DK, Lee SI. Lee JE, et al. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul). 2024 Apr;87(2):145-154. doi: 10.4046/trd.2023.0157. Epub 2024 Feb 16. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul). 2024. PMID: 38368903 Free PMC article.
A new multi-national network studying Very old Intensive care Patients (VIPs).
Van Heerden PV, Beil M, Guidet B, Sviri S, Jung C, de Lange D, Leaver S, Fjølner J, Szczeklik W, Flaatten H. Van Heerden PV, et al. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2021;53(4):290-295. doi: 10.5114/ait.2021.108084. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2021. PMID: 35257561 Free PMC article.
The clinical frailty scale, but not the FRAIL checklist is associated with mortality in old critically ill patients with COVID-19.
Wernly B, Flaatten H, Leaver S, Guidet B, Jung C; COVIP investigators. Wernly B, et al. Crit Care. 2023 Mar 10;27(1):101. doi: 10.1186/s13054-023-04398-6. Crit Care. 2023. PMID: 36899440 Free PMC article. No abstract available.
Clinical Outcomes in Patients Aged 80 Years or Older Receiving Non-Invasive Respiratory Support for Hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure Consequent to COVID-19.
Vianello A, De Vita N, Scotti L, Guarnieri G, Confalonieri M, Bonato V, Molena B, Maestrone C, Airoldi G, Olivieri C, Sainaghi PP, Lionello F, Arcaro G, Della Corte F, Navalesi P, Vaschetto R. Vianello A, et al. J Clin Med. 2022 Mar 2;11(5):1372. doi: 10.3390/jcm11051372. J Clin Med. 2022. PMID: 35268463 Free PMC article.
Outcomes of patients aged ≥80 years with respiratory failure initially treated with non-invasive ventilation in European intensive care units before and during COVID-19 pandemic.
Polok K, Fronczek J, Guidet B, Artigas A, De Lange DW, Fjølner J, Leaver S, Beil M, Sviri S, Bruno RR, Wernly B, Pinto BB, Schefold JC, Studzińska D, Joannidis M, Oeyen S, Marsh B, Andersen FH, Moreno R, Cecconi M, Flaatten H, Jung C, Szczeklik W; COVIP & VIP2 study groups. Polok K, et al. Ann Intensive Care. 2023 Sep 12;13(1):82. doi: 10.1186/s13613-023-01173-2. Ann Intensive Care. 2023. PMID: 37698708 Free PMC article.

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The impact of frailty on survival in elderly intensive care patients with COVID-19: the COVIP study

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The impact of frailty on survival in elderly intensive care patients with COVID-19: the COVIP study

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