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. 2021 Jan-Mar;11(1):52-60.
doi: 10.4314/ovj.v11i1.9. Epub 2021 Jan 24.

Electroacupuncture anesthesia for laparotomy in goats

Khalifa Ashour  1 , Naglaa Abd Elkader Awad  2 , Sherein S Abdelgayed  3 , Amal Zakaria Ahmed Leil  4 , Eldessouky Sheta  2
Affiliations

Electroacupuncture anesthesia for laparotomy in goats

Khalifa Ashour et al. Open Vet J. 2021 Jan-Mar.

Abstract

Background: The objective of the study to evaluate the effect of electroacupuncture during laparotomy in goats.

Aim: To study the abdominal anesthesia in goats by electroacupuncture using the physiological variables, vital parameters, hematological, biochemical, cortisol hormone, pain threshold, and wound healing for laparotomy in goats.

Methods: Fifteen healthy adult bucks were used to receive electroacupuncture in 10 newly selected acupoints. The data (M ± SD) were assessed at intervals (0 minutes) before induction (control group), (5 minutes), (10 minutes), (15 minutes), and (20 minutes) during induction, (30 minutes), (45 minutes), and (60 minutes) throughout surgery and (24 hours) after surgery, cortisol levels in serum at (0), (24 hours), and (72 hours) throughout laparotomy.

Results: The goats of the study showed improvement in the rates of eyelid closure, head, and neck relaxation, rumen motility, and tympany which were graded into mild (+), moderate (++), and severe (+++) degrees. The respiratory rates, body temperatures, and capillary fill times were not significantly different. The total mean of hematocrit was (19.9 ± 2.68), the total mean of hemoglobin was (9.9 ± 0.94), the total mean of red blood cells was (7.9 ± 0.8), the total mean of platelets was (244,861.3 ± 138,444.8) and the total mean of SPO2 was (70.5 ± 4.6). ALT and AST showed no significance. The significant mean cortisol level was (2.6 ± 2.01) and the significant mean pain threshold level was (0.02 ± 0.03). The results proved that electroacupuncture had a lot of significant parameters. The wound healing was improved by early epithelization and immature granulation tissue (at 7 days). Thick keratinized epithelization and collagen deposition in the dermal tissue with enhanced angiogenesis (at 14 days). Mild restoration of skin and the dermal tissue was well-organized (at 21 days). Besides, well-formed scar tissue covering a highly cellular organized dermal tissue (at 28 days).

Conclusions: Electroacupuncture had been considered a powerful anesthetic for abdominal surgery in goats. Moreover, wound healing proved excellent and better healing.

Keywords: Acupuncture; Anesthesia; Electroacupuncture; Goat; Laparotomy.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.. Showing map of the newly selected acupoints.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.. The physiological variables of the electroacupuncture.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.. Vital parameters of the electroacupuncture.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.. Biochemical parameters of the electroacupuncture Group 1 (ALT), Group 2 (AST).
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5.. Percentage of cortisol levels the electroacupuncture.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6.. Skin of a goat from electroacupuncture group at 7 days post wounding showing early evidence of epithelization, hyperplastic proliferation of epidermal epithelium (arrow head) at the free wound edge, and moderate inflammatory cells infiltrations in the dermis (arrow), (HE ×100).
Fig. 7.
Fig. 7.. Skin of a goat from electroacupuncture group at 7 days post wounding showing fibrin exudation at wound surface with dermal edema, hemorrhages (arrow) with moderate mononuclear cells infiltration associated with formation of immature granulation tissue consisted of fibroblast and angioblast forming small blood channels (arrow head), (HE ×200).
Fig. 8.
Fig. 8.. Skin of a goat from electroacupuncture group at 14 days post wounding showing enhanced reepithelization evidenced by differentiated polyhedral keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum and keratohyalin granules in the stratum granulosum (arrow) and keratinization (arrow head), (HE ×100).
Fig. 9.
Fig. 9.. Skin of a goat from electroacupuncture group at 14 days post wounding showing well organized and interconnected collagen bundles that arranged parallel to each other and to epidermis (arrow head) associated with enhanced angiogenesis represented by well-developed blood capillaries (arrow), (HE ×200).
Fig. 10.
Fig. 10.. Skin of a goat from electroacupuncture group at 21 days post wounding showing keratinized (arrow head) and differentiated stratum comprising the covering epithelium (*) and the newly formed skin appendages from the basal epidermal epithelium (HE ×200).
Fig. 11.
Fig. 11.. Skin of a goat from electroacupuncture group at 21 days post wounding showing well-formed organized tissue consisted of parallel compact and interconnected bundles of collagen with scant angiogenesis (arrow head) (HE ×200).
Fig. 12.
Fig. 12.. Skin of a goat from electroacupuncture group at 28 days post wounding showing well-formed scar tissue (arrow head) covering highly cellular organized tissue (HE ×100).
Fig. 13.
Fig. 13.. Skin of a goat from electroacupuncture group at 28 days post wounding showing well arranged compact collagen bundles (arrow head) containing scarce blood vessels (HE ×200).
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