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. 2021 Apr 7;7(4):e06596.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06596. eCollection 2021 Apr.

The ameliorative activity of Chrysobalanus orbicularis in streptozotocin-induced type II diabetes mellitus rat model

Lisa Ilobekemen Ekakitie  1 , Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye  1   2 , Basiru Olaitan Ajiboye  1
Affiliations

The ameliorative activity of Chrysobalanus orbicularis in streptozotocin-induced type II diabetes mellitus rat model

Lisa Ilobekemen Ekakitie et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

Chrysobalanus orbicularis is a medicinal plant present in West Africa in the Itsekiri speaking part of Nigeria. It is used conventionally in diabetes mellitus management. This research investigates the ameliorative activity of the aqueous leaf extract of C. orbicularis in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Freshly prepared streptozotocin (40 mg/kg body weight [BW]) was administered intraperitoneally to induce diabetes. Three diabetic groups were placed on aqueous leaf extract of C. orbicularis at 11.076, 22.134, and 44.268 mg/kg BW respectively; a group was placed on metformin (44.28 mg/kg BW), and the other two groups were the diabetic control and normal control. The experiment lasted for 28 days, thereafter, fasting blood glucose levels and body weight variations were recorded. Also, glycogen level, antioxidant enzyme, hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase activities, malonaldehyde (MDA) as well as glucose transporters 2 and 4 levels were analyzed using standard procedures. Diabetic rats administered aqueous extract of C. orbicularis leaf significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the fasting blood glucose and MDA levels, and glucose-6-phosphatase activity. In addition, administration of aqueous extract of C. orbicularis leaf to diabetic rats demonstrated a momentous increase in liver glycogen level, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, glutathione transferase, and hexokinase activities as well as GLUT-2 and GLUT-4 levels. The data from this study suggest that the aqueous extract of C. orbicularis leaf may be beneficial in the management of diabetic mellitus and its secondary effects.

Keywords: Activity; Antioxidant; Body weight; Chrysobalanus orbicularis; Diabetes mellitus; Streptozotocin.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Aqueous leaf extract of C. orbicularis on body weight of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) of ten replicates. Bar with the same letters are not significantly different at p > 0.05. Bar with different letters are significantly different at p < 0.05. NC: normal control; DC: diabetic control; Diab: diabetic; metf: metformin; AACO: C. orbicularis leaf extract; BW: body weight; IBW: Initial Body Weight.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Aqueous leaf extract of C. orbicularis on fasting blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) of ten replicates. Bar with the same letters are not significantly different at (p > 0.05). Bar with different letters are significantly different at (p < 0.05). NC: non-diabetic control; DC: diabetic control; Diab: diabetic; metf: metformin; AACO: C. orbicularis leaf extract; IFBGL: Initial Fasting Blood Glucose Level; FBGL: Fasting Blood Glucose Level.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Liver glycogen level in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats after administration of aqueous extract of C. orbicularis leaf. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) of ten replicates. Bar with the same ∗ are not significantly different at p > 0.05. Bar with different ∗ are significantly different at p < 0.05. Normal control: non-diabetic control; met: metformin; diab: diabetic; AACO: Chrysobalanus orbicularis aqueous leaf extract.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Oxidative stress biomarkers level in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats after administration of aqueous extract of C. orbicularis leaf. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) of ten replicates. Bar with the same ∗ are not significantly different at p > 0.05. Bar with different ∗ are significantly different at p < 0.05. Normal control: non-diabetic control; met: metformin; diab: diabetic; AACO: Chrysobalanus orbicularis aqueous leaf extract; GPx: Glutathione peroxidase; GSH: Glutathione reductase; GST:Glutathione transferase SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase; MDA: Malondialdehyde.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Hexokinase and Glucose-6-phosphatase specific activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat after administration of aqueous extract of C. orbicularis leaf. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) of ten replicates. Bar with the same ∗ are not significantly different at p > 0.05. Bar with different ∗ are significantly different at p < 0.05. Normal control: non-diabetic control; DC: diabetic control; Diab: diabetic; met: metformin; AACO: Chrysobalanusorbicularis leaf.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Glucose transporter (GLUT-2 and GLUT 4) levels after administration of aqueous extract of C. orbicularis leaf. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) of ten replicates. Bar with the same ∗ are not significantly different at p > 0.05. Bar with different ∗ are significantly different at p < 0.05. Normal control: non-diabetic control; met: metformin; Diab: diabetic; AACO: C. orbicularis leaf; GLUT: Glucose Transporter.
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