Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2021;19(11):2020-2037.
doi: 10.2174/1570159X19666210426115234.

Depression: An Insight into Heterocyclic and Cyclic Hydrocarbon Compounds Inspired from Natural Sources

Abdul Jalil Shah  1 , Reyaz Hassan Mir  1 , Roohi Mohi-Ud-Din  2 , Faheem Hyder Pottoo  3 , Mubashir Hussain Masoodi  1 , Zulfiqar Ali Bhat  2
Affiliations

Depression: An Insight into Heterocyclic and Cyclic Hydrocarbon Compounds Inspired from Natural Sources

Abdul Jalil Shah et al. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2021.

Abstract

Depression, a well-known mental disorder, has global prevalence, affecting nearly 17% of the population. Due to various limitations of the currently available drugs, people have been adopting traditional herbal medicines to alleviate the symptoms of depression. It is notable to mention that natural products, their derivatives, and their analogs are the main sources for new drug candidates of depression. The mechanisms include interplay with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, serotonergic, dopaminergic noradrenergic systems, and elevation of BDNF levels. The focus of this article is to review the role of signalling molecules in depression and highlight the use of plant-derived natural compounds to counter CNS depression.

Keywords: Antidepressants; BDNF; CNS; monoamines.; neurotransmitters; plant-derived natural compounds.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Fig. (1)
Fig. (1)
Plant-derived flavonoids against depression (1) Astilbin (2) Apigenin (3) Kaempferol (4) Quercetin (5) Chrysin (6) Quercetin-3-O-apiosy1 (1 → 2)-rhamnosy1 (1 → 6) glucoside (7) Isoquercetrin (8) Icariin (9) Isoflavone (10) Baicalin (11) Naringenin (12) Nobiletin (13) Amentoflavone (14) Hyperoside (15) Hesperidin (16) Luteolin (17) Curcumin (18) Chlorogenic acid (19) Ellagic acid (20) Fisetin (21) Rutin (22) Ferulic acid (23) Resveratrol (24) Isoliquiritin (25) Baicalein.
Fig. (2)
Fig. (2)
Plant-derived glycosides against depression (26) Rotunduside G (27) Rotunduside H (28) Cyprotusides B (29) Cynanauriculoside C (30) Cynanauriculoside D (31) Cynanauriculoside E (32) Otophylloside L (33) Cynauricuoside C (34) 3/,4,5/- trihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-O-α-L-arabinosyl benzophenone (35) 3/,4,5/,6-tetrahydroxy-2-O-α-L-arabinosyl benzophenone (36) 3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-2-O-α-L-arabinosyl-6-O-β-D- xylosyl benzophenone (37) Quercetin-3-O-α-L-arabino furanoside (38) Albiflorin (39) paeoniflorin.
Fig. (3)
Fig. (3)
Plant-derived alkaloids against depression (41) Antiepilepsirine (42) Berberine (43) Harmane (44) Harmine (45) Mitragynine (46) Neferine (47) Palmatine (48) Piperine (49) Punarnavine (50) Sanguinarine (51) Tetrandrine.
Fig. (4)
Fig. (4)
Plant-derived terpenes against depression (52) Podoandin (53) Cannabidiol (54) Carvacrol (55) β-Caryophyllene (56) Genipin (57) Hyperforin (58) Salvinorin A (59) Ursolic acid.
Fig. (5)
Fig. (5)
Plant-derived saponins against depression (60) Protopanaxadiol (61) Hederagenin (62) Sarsasapogenin (63) β-Amyrin palmitate (64) Bacopaside I (65) Ginsenoside RG I (66) Glycyrrhizin.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Gonda X., Hullam G., Antal P., Eszlari N., Petschner P., Hökfelt T.G., Anderson I.M., Deakin J.F.W., Juhasz G., Bagdy G. Significance of risk polymorphisms for depression depends on stress exposure. Sci. Rep. 2018;8(1):3946. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22221-z. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Summergrad P. Investing in global mental health: the time for action is now. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(5):390–391. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30031-1. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Cho Y., Lee J.K., Kim D.H., Park J.H., Choi M., Kim H.J., Nam M.J., Lee K.U., Han K., Park Y.G. Factors associated with quality of life in patients with depression: A nationwide population-based study. PLoS One. 2019;14(7):e0219455. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219455. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Greer T.L., Trombello J.M., Rethorst C.D., Carmody T.J., Jha M.K., Liao A., Grannemann B.D., Chambliss H.O., Church T.S., Trivedi M.H. Improvements in psychosocial functioning and health‐related quality of life following exercise augmentation in patients with treatment response but nonremitted major depressive disorder: Results from the Tread Study. Depress. Anxiety. 2016;33(9):870–881. doi: 10.1002/da.22521. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Buch A.M., Liston C. Dissecting diagnostic heterogeneity in depression by integrating neuroimaging and genetics. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2020;46(1):156–175. - PMC - PubMed