Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2021 Apr 26;21(1):803.
doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-10859-w.

Health issues and healthcare utilization among adults who reported exposure to tear gas during 2020 Portland (OR) protests: a cross-sectional survey

Britta N Torgrimson-Ojerio  1 , Karen S Mularski  2 , Madeline R Peyton  3 , Erin M Keast  3 , Asha Hassan  4 , Ilya Ivlev  3
Affiliations

Health issues and healthcare utilization among adults who reported exposure to tear gas during 2020 Portland (OR) protests: a cross-sectional survey

Britta N Torgrimson-Ojerio et al. BMC Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: Repeated use of chemical irritants for crowd-control by local and federal law enforcement during sustained racial justice protests in the U.S. has raised concerns about potential adverse health effects. The objective of this study was to describe the health consequences of exposure to tear gas agents and associated healthcare utilization among adults reporting recent exposure to tear gas.

Methods: A cross-sectional, self-administered web-based survey of a convenience sample of 2257 adults reporting recent exposure to tear gas in Portland, Oregon (U.S.), administered between July 30, 2020-August 20, 2020. Descriptive analyses were conducted on socioeconomic characteristics, reported health issues, utilization of healthcare services, and frequency of reported exposure to tear gas. Associations between reported mental health issues, healthcare utilization and race and/or ethnic categories were assessed using a chi-square test. For tests of association, racial and/or ethnic categories were divided into White/Non-Hispanic only and all other racial/ethnic categories due to a small number of Black, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic participants and participants with multiple race and/or ethnic background. Effect sizes for the differences were expressed as Cramer's V, a metric that measures associations between nominal responses. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to assess the relationship between health issues and the number of reported days of exposure to tear gas (i.e., a proxy dose of exposure) grouped into 1 day, 2-4 days, and ≥ 5 days. Missing data (item non-response) were omitted from the analysis.

Results: Almost all respondents (2116; 93.8%) reported physical (2114; 93.7%) or psychological (1635; 72.4%) health issues experienced immediately after (2105; 93.3%) or days following (1944; 86.1%) the exposure. A slightly higher proportion experienced delayed head or gastrointestinal tract issues compared with immediate complaints. The majority (1233; 54.6%) reported receiving or planning to seek medical or mental care. We observed a positive exposure-response trend for all except mouth-related delayed issues (p < 0.01).

Conclusion: Persons who reported exposer to tear gas agents also reported physical and psychological health issues over a multiple-day period. Health issues reported increased with the frequency of reported exposure, indicating a potential dose-response; these health effects often led to healthcare utilization. This study provides evidence of potential unexpected harms of tear gas in civilians.

Keywords: Crowd-control; Health effects; Healthcare utilization; Tear gas.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flow-diagram
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Rothenberg C, Achanta S, Svendsen ER, Jordt SE. Tear gas: an epidemiological and mechanistic reassessment. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016;1378(1):96–107. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13141. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Heisler M, Hampton K, McKay D. Dangerous use of crowd-control weapons against medics and protesters in Portland, OR. Lancet. 2020;396(10259):e59–e60. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32080-8. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Buchanan L, Bui Q, Patel JK. Black lives matter may be the largest movement in U.S. history. In: the New York times. New York: A. G. Sulzberger; 2020.
    1. Smith S, Wu J, Murphy J. Map: George Floyd Protests Around the World. the Protests That Started in the U.S. After the Death of George Floyd Have Gone Global. Track Where They Are. 2020.
    1. Bates L, Curry-Stevens A. The African American Community in Multnomah County: an unsettling profile. Portland: Portland State University; 2014.

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources