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Review
. 2021 Apr 28;21(4):29.
doi: 10.1007/s11882-021-01007-w.

The COVID-19 Pandemic-an Epidemiological Perspective

Anna Vilella  1 , Antoni Trilla  2
Affiliations
Review

The COVID-19 Pandemic-an Epidemiological Perspective

Anna Vilella et al. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. .

Abstract

Purpose of review: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is a matter of great concern worldwide. After the first wave, several countries, notably in the European Union, are suffering a very rapid increase in the number of cases in the pandemic second wave. Health systems are under stress; hospital beds and ICU beds are increasingly occupied by COVID-19 patients, and hospitals are struggling to keep their normal operations. We review some basic epidemiological data of this new disease, regarding its appearance, reproductive rate, ways of transmission, number of cases, death rate, usefulness of diagnostic tests, basic treatment options, and prevention and control strategies, including vaccines.

Recent findings: The basic control strategy falls into two well established categories: active attack (control) or organized defense (mitigation). The control strategy relies on classic testing, tracing, and tracking possible cases of COVID-19. Those actions draw from classical epidemiology: to actively find and detect cases, isolate if positive for 10 days and treat when needed. At the same time, the search for close contacts, test them when needed and quarantine and monitor for 10 to 14 days in order to break chains of transmission. The mitigation strategy include basic measures to protect people at increased risk of severe illness, like social distancing, wearing a mask when social distancing is not possible, avoiding crowds, avoiding indoor crowded spaces, increase ventilation indoors and washing or sanitizing hands often. They include also targeted restrictions in people's mobility, and lock-downs, widely used during the first wave in order to spare the health system, become overwhelmed and increasingly used in Europe once more in the current strong second wave. Waiting for effective and safe vaccines and treatments, stopping the ongoing COVID-19 transmission is our only defense wall. We do not know yet which strategy or strategies worked best. We all must work as a team to give an adequate response to this pandemic. We have just one world and one health. Nobody will be safe until everybody is safe.

Keywords: COVID-19; Close contacts; Control strategy; Isolation; Mitigation strategy; Pandemic; Quarantine.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
COVID-19 World Case Count. WHO Dashboard (Dec 4th, 2020). Total 64 M cases; 1.5 M deaths. https://covid19.who.int/. Accessed, Dec 5th 2020
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
First and second wave COVID-19-cases registered (PCR or RAT positive cases) in Spain. Updated November 2020. Official figures from the Spanish Ministry of Health. Total registered: 1.5 M cases. https://www.mscbs.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/ccayes/alertasActual/nCov/situacionActual.htm. Accessed Dec 5th 2020
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
First and second wave COVID-19 deaths registered (PCR or RAT positive cases) in Spain. Updated November 2020. Official figures from the Spanish Ministry of Health. Case fatality ratio for the 1st wave is 8–12%. Case fatality ratio for the 2nd wave is < 1%. Total registered: 44.000 deaths. https://www.mscbs.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/ccayes/alertasActual/nCov/situacionActual.htm. Accessed Dec 5th 2020
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