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Review
. 2021 Apr 28;62(5):7.
doi: 10.1167/iovs.62.5.7.

IMI 2021 Yearly Digest

Monica Jong  1   2   3 , Jost B Jonas  4 , James S Wolffsohn  5 , David A Berntsen  6 , Pauline Cho  7 , Danielle Clarkson-Townsend  8   9 , Daniel I Flitcroft  10 , Kate L Gifford  11   12 , Annechien E G Haarman  13   14 , Machelle T Pardue  8   15 , Kathryn Richdale  16 , Padmaja Sankaridurg  2   3 , Milly S Tedja  13   14 , Christine F Wildsoet  17 , Joan E Bailey-Wilson  18 , Jeremy A Guggenheim  19 , Christopher J Hammond  20 , Jaakko Kaprio  21 , Stuart MacGregor  22 , David A Mackey  23   24   25 , Anthony M Musolf  18 , Caroline C W Klaver  13   26   14   27 , Virginie J M Verhoeven  13   14   28 , Veronique Vitart  29 , Earl L Smith 3rd  16
Affiliations
Review

IMI 2021 Yearly Digest

Monica Jong et al. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. .

Abstract

Purpose: The International Myopia Institute (IMI) Yearly Digest highlights new research considered to be of importance since the publication of the first series of IMI white papers.

Methods: A literature search was conducted for articles on myopia between 2019 and mid-2020 to inform definitions and classifications, experimental models, genetics, interventions, clinical trials, and clinical management. Conference abstracts from key meetings in the same period were also considered.

Results: One thousand articles on myopia have been published between 2019 and mid-2020. Key advances include the use of the definition of premyopia in studies currently under way to test interventions in myopia, new definitions in the field of pathologic myopia, the role of new pharmacologic treatments in experimental models such as intraocular pressure-lowering latanoprost, a large meta-analysis of refractive error identifying 336 new genetic loci, new clinical interventions such as the defocus incorporated multisegment spectacles and combination therapy with low-dose atropine and orthokeratology (OK), normative standards in refractive error, the ethical dilemma of a placebo control group when myopia control treatments are established, reporting the physical metric of myopia reduction versus a percentage reduction, comparison of the risk of pediatric OK wear with risk of vision impairment in myopia, the justification of preventing myopic and axial length increase versus quality of life, and future vision loss.

Conclusions: Large amounts of research in myopia have been published since the IMI 2019 white papers were released. The yearly digest serves to highlight the latest research and advances in myopia.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure: M. Jong, None; J.B. Jonas, European patent application 16 720 043.5 (P), US patent application US 2019 0085065 (P); J.S. Wolffsohn, British Contact Lens Association (C), University of Houston (C), Visioncare Research & CooperVision (C), Portable Aberrometer Japanese Application 2010-220857 (P), Contrast Sensitivity Chart PAT 2012-044/P.O. No: 90580852 UK Patent Application No. 1300844.6 (P), Johnson & Johnson (R); D.A. Berntsen, National Institutes of Health/National Eye Institute (F), Bausch + Lomb (F), Visioneering Technologies (C); P. Cho, JnJ Vision Care (C), Euclid Systems Corporation (C & S), Menicon Japan Pauline Cho also has (S); D. Clarkson-Townsend, None; D.I. Flitcroft, None; K.L. Gifford, Alcon, Coopervision, Essilor, Hoya, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Menicon, Nevakar, Oculus, Visioneering Technologies (C); A.E.G. Haarman, None; C.C.W. Klaver, None; M.T. Pardue, None; K. Richdale, Paragon (F), Alcon (F), Euclid (F), Novartis (F), Paragon (C), Novartis (C), CooperVision (C); P. Sankaridurg, BHVI (E), coinventor on multiple patents related to myopia (P), Alcon (R), SEED (R), Mark Ennovy (R), Carl Zeiss Vision (R); V.J.M. Verhoeven, None; C.F. Wildsoet, None; J.E. Bailey-Wilson, None; J.A. Guggenheim, None; C.J. Hammond, None; J. Kaprio, None; S. Macgregor, None; D.A. Mackey, None; A.M. Musolf, None; M.S. Tedja, None; V. Vitart, None; E.L. Smith III, optical treatment strategies for myopia (P), Nevakar (C), SightGlass Vision (C), Treehouse Eyes (C), Essilor of America (C), Acucela (C)

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Historic overview of myopia gene finding from 1990 to 2020. Genes identified using whole exome sequencing (WES) are marked in purple. Other loci (linkage studies, GWAS) are marked in red. The cohorts used in the GWAS studies are indicated in black.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Overview of myopia genetics research.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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