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. 2021 Apr 12:12:603227.
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.603227. eCollection 2021.

Development, Characterization and Stability Evaluation of Topical Gel Loaded With Ethosomes Containing Achillea millefolium L. Extract

Mehwish Andleeb  1 , Haij Muhammad Shoaib Khan  1 , Muhammad Daniyal  2
Affiliations

Development, Characterization and Stability Evaluation of Topical Gel Loaded With Ethosomes Containing Achillea millefolium L. Extract

Mehwish Andleeb et al. Front Pharmacol. .

Abstract

Background: Delivering plant extract at high loading with intact antioxidants and efficient skin permeation always remains a challenge. To address this, we prepared a stable gel formulation containing nanoethosomes loaded with Achillea millefolium L. (AM) extract for topical drug delivery. Method: The AM extract was tested at first for phytochemical analysis, antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content, and FTIR examination. The nanoethosomes containing AM extract were synthesized and characterized by size, surface charge, and morphology, and entrapment efficiency (EE) was determined. The optimized nanoethosomes were then incorporated to develop a topical gel formulation and subjected to skin for permeation, pH, viscosity, and organoleptic evaluation for up to three months. Results: The AM ethanolic extract demonstrated 88% free radical scavenging activity and notable phenolic and flavonoid contents of up to 123 mg GAE/g and 42 mg QE/g, respectively. The optimized nanoethosomes encapsulated with AM extract (240 nm) were spherical in shape, with -31.1 mV of surface charge, and showed considerable entrapment efficiency (90%). Furthermore, the selected topical gel remained stable during the study period. The Exvivo permeation study of ethosomal gel showed the highest release percentage of 79.8%. Conclusion: The study concludes that topical gel loaded with nanoethosomes containing AM extract is an encouraging approach for topical drug delivery.

Keywords: Achillea millefolium L. extract; antioxidant; nanoethosomes; statistical approaches; topical drug delivery.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
FT-IR spectra of Achilleamillefolium extract.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
FTIR spectra of herbal ethosomes.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
SEM micrograph of optimized herbal ethosomes.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Response surface plots showing effect of lipid and ethanol on size.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Size of optimized formulation.
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
Zeta potential of AM.
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
Response surface plots showing effect of lipid and ethanol on Zet potential.
FIGURE 8
FIGURE 8
Response surface plot showing effect of ethanol and lipid on PDI.
FIGURE 9
FIGURE 9
Response surface plots showing effect of lipid and ethanolon EE.
FIGURE 10
FIGURE 10
pH of topical gel containing AM extract at different temperature.
FIGURE 11
FIGURE 11
In vitro release profile of AM loaded formulations.
FIGURE 12
FIGURE 12
Viscosity of topical gel containing AM extract at different temperature.
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