Human respiratory viral infections: Current status and future prospects of nanotechnology-based approaches for prophylaxis and treatment

Abstract

Respiratory viral infections are major cause of highly mortal pandemics. They are impacting socioeconomic development and healthcare system globally. These emerging deadly respiratory viruses develop newer survival strategies to live inside host cells and tricking the immune system of host. Currently, medical facilities, therapies and research -development teams of every country kneel down before novel corona virus (SARS-CoV-2) which claimed ~2,828,629 lives till date. Thus, there is urgent requirement of novel treatment strategies to combat against these emerging respiratory viral infections. Nanocarriers come under the umbrella of nanotechnology and offer numerous benefits compared to traditional dosage forms. Further, unique physicochemical properties (size, shape and surface charge) of nanocarriers provide additional advantage for targeted delivery. This review discusses in detail about the respiratory viruses, their transmission mode and cell invasion pathways, survival strategies, available therapies, and nanocarriers for the delivery of therapeutics. Further, the role of nanocarriers in the development of treatment therapy against SARS-CoV-2 is also overviewed.

Keywords: Escape mechanisms; Invasion mechanisms; Nanocarriers; Respiratory viruses; SARS-CoV-2; Treatment therapies of respiratory viruses.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

Viruses associated Pandemics in last century [[4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]].

Fig. 2

Virus uptake pathways; Clathrin mediated endocytosis; Non-endocytic route [35].

Fig. 3

Virus replication cycle and target sites of antiviral drugs [74].

Fig. 4

Nanocarriers for targeting respiratory viruses [[96], [97], [98], [99], [100], [101], [102]].