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. 2021 Apr 7;13(8):1192.
doi: 10.3390/polym13081192.

All-Solid-State Potentiometric Ion-Sensors Based on Tailored Imprinted Polymers for Pholcodine Determination

Hisham S M Abd-Rabboh  1   2 , Abd El-Galil E Amr  3   4 , Abdulrahman A Almehizia  3 , Ayman H Kamel  2
Affiliations

All-Solid-State Potentiometric Ion-Sensors Based on Tailored Imprinted Polymers for Pholcodine Determination

Hisham S M Abd-Rabboh et al. Polymers (Basel). .

Abstract

In recent times, the application of the use of ion-selective electrodes has expanded in the field of pharmaceutical analyses due to their distinction from other sensors in their high selectivity and low cost of measurement, in addition to their high measurement sensitivity. Cost-effective, reliable, and robust all-solid-state potentiometric selective electrodes were designed, characterized, and successfully used for pholcodine determination. The design of the sensor device was based on the use of a screen-printed electrode modified with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a solid-contact transducer. Tailored pholcodine (PHO) molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were prepared, characterized, and used as sensory receptors in the presented potentiometric sensing devices. The sensors exhibited a sensitivity of 31.6 ± 0.5 mV/decade (n = 5, R2 = 0.9980) over the linear range of 5.5 × 10-6 M with a detection limit of 2.5 × 10-7 M. Real serum samples in addition to pharmaceutical formulations containing PHO were analyzed, and the results were compared with those obtained by the conventional standard liquid chromatographic approach. The presented analytical device showed an outstanding efficiency for fast, direct, and low-cost assessment of pholcodine levels in different matrices.

Keywords: all-solid-state; ion-selective electrodes (ISEs); multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs); pharmaceutical analysis; pholcodine.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A schematic representation for the imprinting process of pholcodine.
Figure 2
Figure 2
SEM images of (a) molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) and (b) nonimprinted polymer (NIP) beads.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Time-dependent potential responses (inset: the calibration curve for the integrated screen-printed sensors).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Comparison of potential values obtained for SPE/MWCNTs/MIP and GC/MWCNTs/MIP for different PHO concentrations.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Chronopotentiograms of (a) SPE/MIP-ISE and (b) SPE/MWCNTs/MIP-ISE.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Robustness of the SPE/MWCNTs/MIP-ISE.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Water-layer tests for both (a) SPE/MIP-ISE (dotted line) and (b) SPE/MWCNT/MIP-ISE (solid line).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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