Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2021 Apr 6;22(7):3781.
doi: 10.3390/ijms22073781.

Polymorphisms of Dopamine Receptor Genes and Parkinson's Disease: Clinical Relevance and Future Perspectives

Luca Magistrelli  1   2 , Marco Ferrari  3 , Alessia Furgiuele  1   3 , Anna Vera Milner  2 , Elena Contaldi  2   4 , Cristoforo Comi  2   3 , Marco Cosentino  3   5 , Franca Marino  3   5
Affiliations
Review

Polymorphisms of Dopamine Receptor Genes and Parkinson's Disease: Clinical Relevance and Future Perspectives

Luca Magistrelli et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. PD is clinically characterized by a variety of motor and nonmotor symptoms, and treatment relies on dopaminergic replacement. Beyond a common pathological hallmark, PD patients may present differences in both clinical progression and response to drug therapy that are partly affected by genetic factors. Despite extensive knowledge on genetic variability of dopaminergic receptors (DR), few studies have addressed their relevance as possible influencers of clinical heterogeneity in PD patients. In this review, we summarized available evidence regarding the role of genetic polymorphisms in DR as possible determinants of PD development, progression and treatment response. Moreover, we examined the role of DR in the modulation of peripheral immunity, in light of the emerging role of the peripheral immune system in PD pathophysiology. A better understanding of all these aspects represents an important step towards the development of precise and personalized disease-modifying therapies for PD.

Keywords: Parkinson’s disease; dopamine receptor; non motor symptoms.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

References

    1. Poewe W., Seppi K., Tanner C.M., Halliday G.M., Brundin P., Volkmann J., Schrag A.-E., Lang A.E. Parkinson Disease. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primer. 2017;3:17013. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.13. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Váradi C. Clinical Features of Parkinson’s Disease: The Evolution of Critical Symptoms. Biology. 2020;9:103. doi: 10.3390/biology9050103. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kumaresan M., Khan S. Spectrum of non motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. Cureus. 2021;13:e13275. doi: 10.7759/cureus.13275. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Corrado L., De Marchi F., Tunesi S., Oggioni G.D., Carecchio M., Magistrelli L., Tesei S., Riboldazzi G., Di Fonzo A., Locci C., et al. The Length of SNCA Rep1 Microsatellite May Influence Cognitive Evolution in Parkinson’s Disease. Front. Neurol. 2018;9:213. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00213. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Beaulieu J.-M., Gainetdinov R.R. The Physiology, Signaling, and Pharmacology of Dopamine receptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 2011;63:182–217. doi: 10.1124/pr.110.002642. - DOI - PubMed

MeSH terms

Substances

LinkOut - more resources