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. 2021 Apr 19;10(4):803.
doi: 10.3390/plants10040803.

Aromatic Profile Variation of Essential Oil from Dried Makwhaen Fruit and Related Species

Trid Sriwichai  1 , Jiratchaya Wisetkomolmat  1   2 , Tonapha Pusadee  2   3 , Korawan Sringarm  2   4 , Kiattisak Duangmal  5   6 , Shashanka K Prasad  7 , Bajaree Chuttong  2   8 , Sarana Rose Sommano  1   2
Affiliations

Aromatic Profile Variation of Essential Oil from Dried Makwhaen Fruit and Related Species

Trid Sriwichai et al. Plants (Basel). .

Abstract

The aim of this research is to evaluate the relationship between genotype, phenotype, and chemical profiles of essential oil obtained from available Zanthoxylum spp. Three specimens of makhwaen (MK) distributed in Northern Thailand were genetically and morphologically compared with other Zanthoxylum spices, known locally as huajiao (HJ) and makwoung (MKO), respectively. HJ was taxonomically confirmed as Z. armatum while MKO and MK were identified as Z. rhetsa and Z. myriacanthum. Genetic sequencing distributed these species into three groups accordingly to their confirmed species. Essential oil of the dried fruits from these samples was extracted and analyzed for their chemical and physical properties. Cluster analysis of their volatile compositions separated MKO and MK apart from HJ with L-limonene, terpinen-4-ol, β-phellandrene, and β-philandrene. By using odor attributes, the essential oil of MKO and MK were closely related possessing fruity, woody, and citrus aromas, while the HJ was distinctive. Overall, the phenotypic characteristic can be used to elucidate the species among makhwaen fruits of different sources. The volatile profiling was nonetheless dependent on the genotypes but makwoung and makhwaen showed similar profiles.

Keywords: aromatic plant; chemical profiles; huajiao; spicy plant; taxonomical description; volatile compositions.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The dendrogram of Zanthoxylum spp. in North of Thailand; HJ (huajiao), MKO (makwoung), MK1 (makhwaen from Mae Tang district), MK2 (makhwaen from Mae Rim district), and MK3 (makhwaen from Song Kwae district) derived by UPGMA from the similarity matrix of the ITS sequence data (A) and from the similarity matrix based on 37 DNA bands obtained from five RAPD markers (B).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Principal component analysis (PCA) illustrating the relationships among the Zanthoxylum species (a) and bi-plot factor analysis of the chemical components of the Zanthoxylum essential oils (b). Abbreviations; HJ (huajiao), MKO (makwoung), MK1 (makhwaen from Mae Tang district), MK2 (makhwaen from Mae Rim district), and MK3 (makhwaen from Song Kwae district).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Heatmap relationship of the odor descriptors representing the volatile composition of the Zanthoxylum essential oils. Abbreviations; HJ (huajiao), MKO (makwoung), MK1 (makhwaen from Mae Tang district), MK2 (makhwaen from Mae Rim district), and MK3 (makhwaen from Song Kwae district).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) spectra of the essential oils from five different Zanthoxylum species. The insertion is the inset evidence of the peaks between 500–4000 cm−1: (---) MK1, (---) MK2, (---) MK3, (---) HJ, and (---) MKO. Abbreviations; huajiao (HJ), makwoung (MKO), MK1 (makhwaen from Mae Tang district), MK2 (makhwaen from Mae Rim district), and MK3 (makhwaen from Song Kwae district).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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