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Review
. 2021 Apr 22;13(9):2025.
doi: 10.3390/cancers13092025.

A Review of Colorectal Cancer in Terms of Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Development, Symptoms and Diagnosis

Tomasz Sawicki  1 , Monika Ruszkowska  1 , Anna Danielewicz  1 , Ewa Niedźwiedzka  1 , Tomasz Arłukowicz  2 , Katarzyna E Przybyłowicz  1
Affiliations
Review

A Review of Colorectal Cancer in Terms of Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Development, Symptoms and Diagnosis

Tomasz Sawicki et al. Cancers (Basel). .

Abstract

This review article contains a concise consideration of genetic and environmental risk factors for colorectal cancer. Known risk factors associated with colorectal cancer include familial and hereditary factors and lifestyle-related and ecological factors. Lifestyle factors are significant because of the potential for improving our understanding of the disease. Physical inactivity, obesity, smoking and alcohol consumption can also be addressed through therapeutic interventions. We also made efforts to systematize available literature and data on epidemiology, diagnosis, type and nature of symptoms and disease stages. Further study of colorectal cancer and progress made globally is crucial to inform future strategies in controlling the disease's burden through population-based preventative initiatives.

Keywords: cancer; colorectal cancer; epidemiology; risk factors; symptoms.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Standardized incidence and mortality rates for CRC for both sexes in 2020, per 100,000.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The main risk factors associated with colorectal cancer.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Representative histopathological appearance of adenomatous (A,B) and serrated (C,D) changes in the colon.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Selected endoscopic images of adenomas and CRC at different stages. (A)—Tubular adenoma; (B)—tubulo-villous adenoma; (C)—sedentary serrated adenoma (SSA) without dysplasia; (D)—tubular adenocarcinoma, grade 1 and (E)—tubular adenocarcinoma, grade 2.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Representative histopathological appearance of adenocarcinoma in the colon.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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