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. 2021 Apr 25;13(9):1394.
doi: 10.3390/polym13091394.

Fabrication of Polycaprolactone/Nano Hydroxyapatite (PCL/nHA) 3D Scaffold with Enhanced In Vitro Cell Response via Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM)

Yong Sang Cho  1 , So-Jung Gwak  2 , Young-Sam Cho  3
Affiliations

Fabrication of Polycaprolactone/Nano Hydroxyapatite (PCL/nHA) 3D Scaffold with Enhanced In Vitro Cell Response via Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM)

Yong Sang Cho et al. Polymers (Basel). .

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the dual-pore kagome-structure design of a 3D-printed scaffold with enhanced in vitro cell response and compared the mechanical properties with 3D-printed scaffolds with conventional or offset patterns. The compressive modulus of the 3D-printed scaffold with the proposed design was found to resemble that of the 3D-printed scaffold with a conventional pattern at similar pore sizes despite higher porosity. Furthermore, the compressive modulus of the proposed scaffold surpassed that of the 3D-printed scaffold with conventional and offset patterns at similar porosities owing to the structural characteristics of the kagome structure. Regarding the in vitro cell response, cell adhesion, cell growth, and ALP concentration of the proposed scaffold for 14 days was superior to those of the control group scaffolds. Consequently, we found that the mechanical properties and in vitro cell response of the 3D-printed scaffold could be improved by kagome and dual-pore structures through DfAM. Moreover, we revealed that the dual-pore structure is effective for the in vitro cell response compared to the structures possessing conventional and offset patterns.

Keywords: bone tissue engineering; design for additive manufacturing; kagome structure; scaffold.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematics of the 3D-printed scaffolds with dual-pore kagome-structures: (a) 3D image of designed dual-pore scaffold; (b) 3D-printing system (material-extrusion system).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Comparison of the chemical composition and weight ratio: (a) FT-IR results for pure and PCL/nHA composite materials; (b) TGA results for the fabricated scaffolds.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Three-D modeling, top-view, and side-view images of the fabricated scaffolds: (a) Conv 1 (similar pore size); (b) Conv 2 (similar porosity); (c) Offset 1 (similar pore size); (d) Offset 2 (similar porosity); (e) dual pore.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Structural characteristics of fabricated scaffolds: (a) Apparent pore size; (b) porosity.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Deformed configuration and von Mises stress of the fabricated scaffold: (a) and (b) are the cross-sectional position of the designed scaffolds for the stress plot; (c–g) are the deformed configuration and von Mises stress of the designed scaffolds.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Comparison of the (a) numerical and (b) experimental compressive modulus for the fabricated scaffolds.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Comparison of the in vitro cell response of the scaffolds: (a) CCK-8; (b) ALP (NS: nonsignificant, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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